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. 2020 Feb 1;9(2):337. doi: 10.3390/cells9020337

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Overview of S1P-signaling pathways involved in GBM cell and GBM stem cells (GSC) proliferation and survival. S1P, through stimulation of i) G_i may simultaneously activate MAPK-ERK1/2, phospholipase C (PLC), and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathways; and ii) G_12/13 may promote actin polymerization through RhoA. Following the activation of downstream signaling pathways, S1P prompts the activation of different transcription factors, leading to the regulation of different genes involved in the promotion of cell proliferation and survival.