Table 1.
The most important genetic pathways altered in PC.
| Name of the Pathway | Most Important Mutated Gene (s) | |
|---|---|---|
| Oncogenes | Tumor Suppressor | |
| MAPK signaling | KRAS | |
| DNA damage control | TP53, BRCA1, BRCA2 | |
| Control of G1/S Phase transition | CDKN2A | |
| TGF-β signaling | TGF-βRII | SMAD4 |
| Apoptosis | CASP10, VCP | |
| Hedgehog signaling | SOX3, GLI1, GLI3 | |
| Homophilic cell adhesion | CDH1, FAT | |
| Integrin signaling | ITGA4, ITGA9, LAMA1, LAMA4, LAMA5 | |
| JNK signaling | MAP4K3, TNF | |
| SWI/SNF | ARID1A | |
| Small GTPase signaling | RP1 | |
| WNT/Notch signaling | MYC | TSC2 |
| Axon guidance | SLIT2, ROBO2 | |
ARID1A, AT-rich interaction domain 1A; CDKN2A, cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 2A; GTP, guanosine-5’-triphosphate; ITGA, integrin alpha subunits; KRAS, Kirsten rat sarcoma; LAMA, laminin subunit alpha 1; MAP4K3, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 3; SOX, sry-related HMG box; SWI/SNF, switch/sucrose non-fermentable; TGF, transforming growth factor; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; TP53, tumor protein 53; TSC, tuberous sclerosis complex; VCP, valosin containing protein.