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. 2020 Feb 10;10(2):265. doi: 10.3390/biom10020265

Table 1.

Monoterpenes with gastroprotective and healing effects.

Compound Experimental Model: Treatment (Acute or Chronic) and Doses Effect Mechanism
Ascaridole
[50]
Inline graphic 		NSAID - Acute
*10 mg/kg (p.o.) ~ ↓ 52%
*20 mg/kg (p.o.) ~ ↓ 44%		 Gastroprotective and healing effects ↓Acid secretion (↑pH)
↓ Pepsin
Acetic Acid (20 %) - Chronic (7 days):
20 mg/kg (p.o.) - ↓ 57%
Vehicle: Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose
Citral
[45]
Inline graphic 		NSAID – Acute
25 mg/kg (p.o.) - ↓ 74.0%
100 mg/kg (p.o.) - ↓ 35.0%300 mg/kg (p.o.) - ↓ 48.0 %		 Gastroprotective effect
Vehicle: Tween 80 - 1%
Eucalyptol
or
1,8-Cineole
[51]
Inline graphic 		NSAID – Acute
50 mg/kg (p.o.) - ↓ 58.2%
100 mg/kg (p.o.) - ↓ 61.2%
200 mg/kg (p.o.) - ↓ 74.1%		 Gastroprotective and healing effect ↑ Mucus (89.3%), ↑SH, ↓LPO and ↓MPO
Absolute Ethanol - Acute
50 mg/kg (p.o.) - ↓ 88.1%
100 mg/kg (p.o.)- ↓ 98.5%
200 mg/kg (p.o.)- ↓ 99.2%		 ↑ Cell proliferation
Acetic Acid (30%) - Chronic (14 days)
100 mg/kg (p.o.)- ↓ 43.1%
Vehicle: Tween 80 - 1%
Epoxy-carvone
[52]
Inline graphic 		NSAID - Acute
10 mg/kg (p.o.) – ↓ 60.4 %
30 mg/kg (p.o.) – ↓ 47.9 %
50 mg/kg (p.o.) – ↓ 62.7 %
Absolute Ethanol - Acute
10 mg/kg (p.o.) - ↓ 77.7%
30 mg/kg (p.o.) - ↓ 69.2%
50 mg/kg (p.o.) - ↓ 61.4%
Vehicle: Tween 80 - 5%		 Gastroprotective effect
Linalool
[53,54,55]
Inline graphic 		Ethanol 90% - acute:
33 mg/kg (p.o.) - ↓ 56.0%
Vehicle: methylcellulose 0.1%		 Gastroprotective effect
Absolute Ethanol - acute:
10 mg/kg (p.o) - ↓ 85.5%
20 mg/kg (p.o) - ↓ 76.2%
40 mg/kg (p.o) - ↓ 89.3%
Acetic Acid (80%) - chronic (14 days):
40 mg/kg (p.o) - ↓ 48.0%		 Gastroprotective and healing effects ↓MPO and ↓ LPO
Vehicle: Saline
Linalyl acetate
[55]
Inline graphic 		Ethanol 90% - acute:
36 mg/kg (p.o.) - ↓49.0%
Vehicle: methylcellulose 0.1%		 Gastroprotective effect
Menthol
[56,57]
Inline graphic 		NSAID - Acute:
50 mg/kg (p.o) - ↓ 73.0 %		 Gastroprotective effect ↓ Acid secretion
↑ Mucus and PGE2
↑ Compounds SH
Absolute Ethanol - Acute:
50 mg/kg (p.o) - ↓ 88.6–92.0%
100 mg/kg (p.o) - ↓ 98.4%		 ↑ ATP-sensitive potassium channel
Vehicle: Tween 80 - 8% ↓ MPO,↑ GSH, ↑GSH-Px, ↑GR
↓ TNF-α,
↓ IL-6,↑IL-10
Anti-apoptotic effect (HSP-70, Bax)
Myrtenol
[58]
Inline graphic 		Absolute Ethanol - Acute:
25 mg/kg (p.o)- ↓ 40.2%
50 mg/kg (p.o)- ↓ 83.0%
100 mg/kg (p.o) - ↓ 83.2%		 Gastroprotective effect Activation of GABA-A receptors
↓ LPO
Vehicle: Tween 80 - 2%
Nerol
[59]
Inline graphic 		Absolute Ethanol - acute:
*10 mg/kg (p.o) - ↓~94%
*30 mg/kg (p.o) - ↓~82%
*100 mg/kg (p.o) - ↓~92%
*300 mg/kg (p.o) - ↓~94%
Vehicle: Tween 80 - 0.5%		 Gastroprotective effect
α-pinene
[60]
Inline graphic 		Absolute Ethanol - Acute:
10 mg/kg (p.o) - ↓ 48.6%
30 mg/kg (p.o) - ↓ 43.9%
100 mg/kg (p.o) - ↓ 42.1%
Vehicle: Tween 80 - 0.1%		 Gastroprotective effect ↓ Acid secretion
↑ Mucus
α-terpineol
[61]
Inline graphic 		NSAID - Acute:
30 mg/kg (p.o)- ↓ 63.9%
50 mg/kg (p.o)- ↓ 81.3%
Ethanol 70% - Acute:
10 mg/kg (p.o)- ↓ 66.7%
30 mg/kg (p.o)- ↓ 81.0%
50 mg/kg (p.o)- ↓ 94.1%
Vehicle: Tween 80 - 10%		 Gastroprotective effect
Thymoquinone
[62]
Inline graphic 		NSAID - Acute:
* 20 mg/kg (p.o) - ~↓ 46%		 ↑ SOD, ↑GPx, ↑NO,
↓ apoptosis
Vehicle: Corn oil 10% ↓iNOS,↓TOS, ↓OSI, ↓ NF-κβ, ↓ TNF-α, ↑TAS, ↑TT, ↑ADMA, ↑ DDAH-1, ↑DDAH-2

ADMA—asymmetric dimethylarginine; DDAH-1—dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-1; DDAH-2—dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase-2; GPx—glutathione peroxidase; IL-10—interleukin 10; MIC—minimal inhibitory concentration; MMP-9—matrix metalloproteinase-9; MPO—myeloperoxidase; NF-κB; nuclear factor kappa B; NO—nitric oxide; NSAID—non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; OSI—oxidative stress index; P.O.—administered by oral route; PGE2—prostaglandin E2; SH—sulfhydryl compounds; SOD—superoxide dismutase; TAS—total antioxidant status; TNF-α—tumor necrosis factor-α; TOS—Total oxidant status and TT—total thiol.* This data was estimated on the basis of results presented in the article.