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. 2020 Jan 23;9(2):283. doi: 10.3390/cells9020283

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Different stages of pancreatic beta cell development during the differentiation process. According to Rezania et al. protocol the differentiation of hPSCs into pancreatic beta cells occurs though their differentiation into seven stages, which are confirmed by examining stage-specific markers [8]. Stage 4 (pancreatic progenitors) co-expressing PDX1 and NKX6.1 (PDX1⁺/NKX6.1⁺) is currently used in clinical trial for diabetes treatment. PDX1+/NKX6.1+ cells transplanted into mouse model can differentiate in vivo into mature insulin-secreting cells. Furthermore, mature beta cell stage generated in vitro can be directly transplanted into mouse model.