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. 2020 Jan 31;12(2):326. doi: 10.3390/cancers12020326

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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gp130 cytokines and receptors activate downstream signaling pathways. Receptors: dark gray = glycoprotein130 (gp130) co-receptor, green = leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) receptor (LIFR), blue = oncostatin M (OSM) receptor (OSMR), light pink = WSX-1 (interleukin 27 receptor subunit alpha), yellow = ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) receptor (CNTFR), dark pink = interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor (IL-6R), orange = interleukin-11 (IL-11) receptor (IL-11R), light gray = Epstein-Barr virus induced 3 (EBI3), and EBI3+IL-27p28 (IL-30) = interleukin-27 (IL-27). LIF, OSM, CNTF, IL-6, Il-11, and IL-27 bind to their cytokine-specific receptors to activate major downstream signaling pathways: the Janus-activated kinase (JAK)–signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway, the Ras-Raf mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK and MEK/ERK) signaling cascade, and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent (PI3K/AKT) pathway.