Table 2.
Scaffolds and H2S-releasing scaffolds for potential applications in the therapy of arthritis.
| Scaffold | Characteristics and Effects | Type of Cells | Commercial Product | Phase of Study | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
PLLA/fibrin
1PLLA/chondrocyte/atelocollagen |
Improved cell proliferation and expression of type I and type II collagen | Chondrocytes | PLA-based BioSeedR-C (BioTissue, AG, Zurich, Switzerland) |
In vitro | [157] |
|
PEG dyacrylate systems
PEG/chitosan PEG/albumin |
In situ photopolymerization and potential modulation of its mechanical properties, increasing of the expression of type I and II collagen and the amount of sulfated GAG | MSCs | In vitro | [158] | |
| Alginate | Increase in chondrocyte viability | Chondrocytes | In vivo (SCID mice) | [160] | |
|
Hyaluronic acid/fibrin
Hyaluronic acid/collagen type I |
In situ photopolymerization, potential modulation of its mechanical properties, stimulation of ECM production and proteoglycan synthesis, and improved chondrocyte growth | Chondrocytes | Hyaluronic-based HyalograftR C autograft (Anika Therapeutics, Inc., Bedford, MA, USA) |
In vivo (human) | [161] |
| PEG-DA/denatured human fibrinogen (DHF) | In situ photopolymerization, potential modulation of its mechanical properties, gradual resorption by the body being replaced by new cartilage tissue | Cell free | GelrinC (Regentis, Haifa, Israel) |
Phase II | [163,164] |
| H2S-releasing scaffolds | |||||
| PCL/NSHD1 | Significant decrease in apoptosis in a model of tissue transplantation, protection from ROS damage, and increase in expression of collagen type I and type III | 3T3 | In vivo | [154] | |
| PFM/GaOS or DADS | Improved MSC proliferation and anti-microbial activity and protective effect against oxidative damage | hMSCs | In vitro | [166] | |
| TSTMBs-PFHy | In situ photopolymerization, potential modulation of its mechanical properties, induced spindled morphology of cells and cell proliferation | HFFs hCPCs |
In vitro | [164] | |
| ALG-CHO/2-aminopyridine-5-thiocarboxamide/tetraaniline | Increase in ejection fraction value, reduction of the myocardial infarct size in rats | ADSCs | In vivo | [168] | |
| SATO/CaCl2 | Decrease in intimal hyperplasia in human veins | Endothelial cells | In vivo | [169] | |
| SF/GYY4137 | Significant increase in osteogenic differentiation of stem cells, upregulation of osteogenic and angiogenic genes and integrins | OBs, hMSC | In vitro | [167] | |
| HA or PCL/JK1 | H2S release in pH-dependent manner, improved cell proliferation. tissue regeneration, re-epithelialization, collagen deposition, angiogenesis | Raw 264.7 | In vivo (mouse Male C57BL) | [165] | |
1PLLA—poly (l-lactide); PEG—polyethylene glycol; PCL—polycaprolactone; NSHD1—N-benzoyl thio-benzamide; GaOS—garlic oil soluble extracts; DADS—diallyl disulfide; SF—silk fibroin; HA—hyaluronic acid; ECM—extracellular matrix; MSC—mesenchymal stem cell; HFF—human foreskin fibroblasts; CPC—cardiac progenitor cell; ADSC—adipose-derived stem cell; OB—osteoblast. TSTMBs-PFHy— fibrinogen hydrogel incorporating albumin microbubbles functionalized with thiosulfate:cyanide sulfurtransferase; ALG-CHO—Partially Oxidized Alginate; PFM poly(lactic) acid fibrous; SATO aromatic peptide amphiphile and the H2S moiety, S-aroylthiooxime; PEG-DA—polyethylene glycol diacrylate; JK1—H2S donor synthesized from phenylphosphonothioic dichloride.