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. 2020 Feb 11;21(4):1193. doi: 10.3390/ijms21041193

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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TGF-β regulates lung cancer metastasis via exosomes. TGF-β can affect lung tumor cell invasion, migration, and metastasis by modulating the cargo carried by A549 cell-derived exosomes. In this process, TGF-β can decrease E-cadherin and increase β-catenin, miR-23a and lnc-MMP2-2. Decreased E-cadherin and increased β-catenin can then promote EMT. Increased miR-23a can decrease E-cadherin to enhance EMT. Up-regulated lnc-MMP2-2 can inhibit E-cadherin, as well as increase N-cadherin and vimentin to promote invasion and migration; it can also increase vascular permeability by repressing occludin and Zo-1. Moreover, lnc-MMP2-2 can augment MMP2 to accelerate metastasis.