Figure 7.

ToF-SIMS analysis of changes in the composition of the cell membranes of HaCaT cells after treatment with Al or Al₂O₃ NMs and ionic AlCl₃·6H₂O without or in combination with vitamins ((a) retinol; (b) high vitamin D3; (c) low vitamin D3; (d) retinol plus low vitamin D3; (e) retinol plus high vitamin D3). The diagram shows the values of the discriminant scores obtained from Fisher’s discriminant analysis of 24 single HaCaT cells for each experiment. The performance of the discriminant model was verified by applying the cross-validation procedure based on the “leave-one-out” cross-validation formalism (100%).