Selected cytokine levels (IL- 1α, IL-1β, IL-2, MCP-1, IFN-γ and GM-CSF) in kidney tissue from young cohort of ApoE−/− mice following SAA and HDL treatments. Mice were allocated into 4 treatments arms and administered with vehicle (control), LPS, SAA alone, or SAA in combination with HDL. Renal tissue was harvested 4 weeks after commencement of SAA treatment, processed, and cytokines were measured by ELISA/multiplex assay in tissue homogenates, as described in the methods section. Data represent percentage change with respect to the control group (maximal SAA-stimulated values for cytokine/chemokine tested were (ng/ml): IL-1α, 21.3; IL-1β, 27.1; IL-2, 28.3; MCP-1, 25.1; INFγ, 26.1; GMCSF, 26.9). Data shows mean ± SD with mice numbers were control (n = 7), LPS (n = 8), SAA (n = 6), and HDL/SAA (n = 6). Different to the control, *** p < 0.001, **** p < 0.0001. Different to the respective SAA and HDL/SAA group, # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01.