AMPKα	adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase alpha
ANOVA	analysis of variance
BBB	blood-brain barrier
BSA	bovine serum albumin
cDNA	complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
CNS	central nervous system
Ctrl	control
DMEM	Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium
ECIS	electric cell-substrate impedance sensing
ELISA	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
eS1P	extracellular sphingosine 1-phosphate
FBS	fetal bovine serum
HCMEC/D3	human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells clone D3
HDAC	histone deacetylase
ICAM-1	intercellular adhesion molecule 1
IL	interleukin
INF-γ	interferon gamma
iS1P	intracellular sphingosine 1-phosphate
kd	knockdown
KLF	Krueppel-like factor
LC-MS/MS	liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
LPS	lipopolysaccharide
LPS + Cyt	LPS + cytokine mix
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MARCKS	myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate
MCP-1	monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
mRNA	messenger ribonucleic acid
NFkB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
PBS	phosphate-buffered saline
PECAM-1	platelet and endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1
PKC	protein kinase C
qPCR	quantitative polymerase chain reaction
SAPK/JNK	stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun-N-terminal kinase
SD	standard deviation
SDS-PAGE	sodium dodecyl sulfate- polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
shRNA	short hairpin ribonucleic acid
SK	sphingosine kinase
SPL/Sgpl1	sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase
TNFα	tumor necrosis factor alpha
TPA	12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
TRAF2	TNF receptor-associated factor 2
VCAM-1	vascular cell adhesion molecule 1
VE-cadherin	vascular endothelial cadherin
ZO-1	zonula occludens 1