Table 2.
Comparison of serum concentrations after administration of a single dose of selected terpenes and effective concentrations which exert biological effects for some exemplary compounds.
| Single Dose | Peak Level * | Time to Reach Peak Level | Elimination Half Time | Effective Concentration/dose ** | Target | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Astaxanthin | 100 mg | 1.3 µg/mL (2.17 µM) # |
7 h | 21 ± 11 h | 10–20 nM 100 nM 20 nM 0.5–10 µM |
NMDAR subunits RAR VGCC Ca2+ level |
| Lycopene from tomato sauces | 4 mg or 13 mg |
30 nM or 0.2 µM |
5 h | > 6 h | 0.1–5 µM 0.5–10 µM 5 mg/kg ** |
Cav2.2, Cav2.1 Glutamate excitotoxicity Ca2+-ATPase |
| Lycopene from papaya | 13 mg | 20–30 nM | 6 h | > 6 h | ||
| Lycopene supplement | 15 mg | 40 nM | 10 h | Lack of data | ||
| β-carotene from tomato sauces | 17 mg | 70 nM | 5 h | > 6 h | 18.6–186 µM | CaMKIV |
| β-carotene from papaya | 13 mg | 17–28 nM | 6 h | > 6 h | ||
| Crocetin | Tea from 200 mg saffron | 4 µM | 2 h | Lack of data | 1–50 µM | NMDAR |
| Crocetin-supplement | 25 µg | 400 ng/mL (1.2 µM) # |
1.5 h | 90 min | ||
| Retinoic acid-supplement | 40 mg | 83 ng/mL (0.28 µM) # |
3 h | 6 h | 10 µM | VGCC |
| Linalool-transdermally | 100–150 ng/mL (0.65–0.97 µM) # |
0.3 h | 1 h | 0.1–0.4 mM | K+ current | |
| Thymol-supplement | 1.08 mg | 93 ng/mL (0,62 µM) # |
1.9 h | 10 h | 1 mM | VGCC |
| Paeoniflorin | 5 mg | 6 ng/mL (12.5 nM) # |
3 h | 1.73 | 1–50 mM or 100 µM |
↓ Ca2+i Or CaMKII |
* The highest concentration measured in blood serum. ** One single dose (mg/kg of body weight) after administration of which a biological effect was detected. # own calculation. ↓ decrease of calcium level