Table 1.
Regulation mechanism of endogenous and exogenous JAs in response to abiotic stress in plants.
| Type of Stress | Plant Species | JA | Regulation Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Freezing | Arabidopsis thaliana | Endogenous | Positively regulated the C-repeat binding factor (CBF) transcriptional pathway to up-regulate downstream cold-responsive genes | [15] |
| Chilling | Musa acuminata | Endogenous | Induced MaMYC2 and inducer of CBF expression (ICE-CBF) cold-responsive pathway gene expression, including MaCBF1, MaCBF2, MaCOR1, MaKIN2, MaRD2, and MaRD5 | [17] |
| Chilling and freezing | Zoysia japonica | Endogenous | Up-regulated ZjCBF, ZjDREB1, and ZjLEA expression | [22] |
| Chilling | Eriobotrya japonica | Exogenous (10 μM) |
Enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity and higher unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio | [23] |
| Drought | Arabidopsis thaliana | Endogenous | Produced higher 12-OPDA levels and reduced stomatal aperture | [32] |
| Drought | Oryza sativa. | Endogenous | OsJAZ1 was a negative regulator via the abscisic acid (ABA)-dependent and JA-dependent pathways. | [33] |
| Drought | Oryza sativa. | Endogenous | OsbHLH148 acted on the JA signaling pathway with OsJAZ1 and OsCOI1, constituting an OsbHLH148–OsJAZ–OsCOI1 signaling module | [18] |
| Drought | Prunus armeniaca | Exogenous (50 µM) |
Increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and promoted leaf senescence | [34] |
| Drought | Glycine max | Exogenous (20 μM) |
Increased cell wall fractionation, saturated and unsaturated fatty acid, flavonoid, phenolic acid, and sugar fraction content | [35] |
| Salt | Lycopersicon esculentum | Endogenous | Increased lipoxygenase (LOX), AOS-mRNA, and Pin2-mRNA accumulation | [39] |
| Salt | Solanum lycopersicum | Endogenous | Activated both enzymatic and non-enzymatic ROS antioxidants | [40] |
| Salt | Zea mays | Exogenous (25 μM) |
Improved Na+ exclusion by decreasing Na+ uptake | [44] |
| Salt | Triticum aestivum | Exogenous (2 mM) |
Decreased the concentration of MDA and H2O2, and increased the transcript levels and activities of SOD, POD, catalase (CAT), and APX | [45] |
| Heavy metal (cadmium) | Lycopersicon esculentum | Endogenous | JA played a positive regulatory role in tomato plant response to Cd stress by regulating the antioxidant system | [48] |
| Heavy metal (nickel) | Glycine max | Exogenous (1 μM and 1 nM) |
Managed the antioxidant machinery and protected the DNA synthesis of total proteins to mitigate Ni stress | [49] |
| Heavy metal (nickel) | Zea mays | Exogenous (10 μM) |
JA alleviated the negative impact of Ni-treated plants by improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, APX, GPX, and GR | [50] |
| Heavy metal (cadmium) | Vicia faba | Exogenous (10 μM) |
Inhibited the accumulation of Cd, H2O2, and MDA, and enhanced osmolyte and antioxidant activities that reduce oxidative stress | [59] |
| Heavy metal (cadmium) | Glycine max | Exogenous (20 μM) |
Augmented the activities of antioxidant enzymes CAT and SOD to Cd treatment | [51] |
| Light and darkness | Phaseolus lunatus | Endogenous | JA-Ile enhanced EFN secretion under light conditions, yet did not reduce EFN secretion in the dark | [55] |
| Light and darkness | Oryza sativa | Endogenous | JA and phytochrome A signaling were integrated through degradation of the JAZ1 protein | [56] |
| Far-red | Arabidopsis thaliana | Exogenous (50 μM) |
Interaction of the photoreceptor CRY1 and the JA-conjugating enzyme FR-insensitive219/JAR1 | [57] |
| UV-B | Triticum aestivum | Exogenous (1 and 2.5 mM) | Increased reaction centers’ excitation energy capture efficiency, effective PSII, and electron transport rate (ETR), and decreased NPQ | [58] |
| Ozone stress | Arabidopsis thaliana | Exogenous (100 μM) |
Inhibited the spread of programmed cell death | [62] |
| Imazapic stress | Nicotiana tabacum | Exogenous (45 μM) |
Increased antioxidant activity and phytohormone level and decreased MDA content | [64] |
| Circadian stress |
Arabidopsis thaliana | Endogenous | Reduced the cell death phenotype | [65] |