Table 1.
Detection methods of some endocrine disruptors in maternal body fluids.
| EDCs Exposure | Compound | Area | Measurement Method | Body Fluid | Mean ± SD or Range |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bisphenol A | BPA | Germany | Chemical derivatization-GC-MS | Maternal plasma | 0.3–18.9 ng/mL | [31] |
| BPA | Germany | GC-MS | Fetal plasma | 0.2–9.2 ng/mL | [31] | |
| BPA | Japan | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay | Amniotic fluids | 0–8.38 ng/mL | [32,33] | |
| BPA | Germany | GC-MS | The placental tissue | 1–104.4 ng/g | [31,34] | |
| Organochlorine pesticides | α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH) |
The Los Angeles area | GC-MS | Amniotic fluids | 0.15 ± 0.06 ng/mL | [35] |
| p,p′-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p’-DDE) |
The Los Angeles area | GC-MS | Amniotic fluids | 0.21 ± 0.18 ng/mL | [35] | |
| p,p’-Dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (p,p′-DDT) |
Mexico | Dual column gas chromatograph-electron capture detector | Serum | 676 ng/g-lipid | [36] | |
| p,p′-DDE | Mexico | Dual column gas chromatograph-electron capture detector | Serum | 4,843 ng/g-lipid | [36] | |
| Phthalates | Methylerythritol cyclodiphosphate (MECPP) |
America | Isotope-dilution HPLC/MS/MS | Breast milk | 0.1–0.4 μg/L | [37] |
| MEHHP | America | HPLC/MS/MS | Breast milk | 0.2–0.3 μg/L | [37] | |
| Mono-ethyl phthalate (MEP) |
Canada | LC-MS/MS | Urine | 32.02 μg/L | [38] | |
| Mono-n-butyl phthalate (MnBP) |
Canada | LC-MS / MS | Urine | 11.59 μg/L | [38] | |
| Diethylstilbestrol | DES | China | HPLC with diode array detection | Urine | 1–200 μg/L | [39] |
| Phytoestrogens | Daidzein | America | GC/MS | Amniotic fluid | 1.44–5.52 ng/mL | [40] |
| Genistein | America | GC/MS | Amniotic fluid | 1.69–6.54 ng/mL | [40] | |
| Daidzein | America | Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UPLC-MS/MS) |
Urine | 0.11 μg/L | [41] | |
| Genistein | America | UPLC-MS/MS | Urine | 0.59 μg/L | [41] |