Table 2.

Summary of studies exploring influenza’s NS1 as potential therapeutic target.

Ligand	Activity	Method	Mode of Action	Ref
NSC128164 NSC109834 NSC95676	Blocks NS1’s action on IFN-related pathways	Yeast-based assay	Attenuates NS1 expression	[136]
NSC125044		Yeast-based assay	Induction of IFN-β and decrease of viral proteins expression
JJ3297	NS1 antagonist	Yeast-based assay	Restores IFN antiviral state and inhibits virus replication	[138]
ML303	NS1 antagonist	Yeast-based assay	Restores IFN signaling pathway	[141]
“Shuanghualian”	NS1 antagonist	Yeast-based assay	Inhibits CPSF30 function by binding to NS1A binding site	[142]
Naphthalimide family of compounds	NS1 antagonist	Fluorescence polarization-based high-throughput assay	Up-regulation of REDD1 and mTOR1 inhibition	[143]
A9 (JJ3297) and A22	NS1 antagonist	Molecular docking, NMR, X-ray crystallography	Inhibit CPSF30 function by binding to NS1A binding site	[140]
30256 and 31674 (see paper)	NS1 inhibitor	Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamics, MM-PBSA	Inhibit CPSF30 function by binding to NS1A binding site	[151,157,158]
(no name, see paper)	Blocks NS1	Molecular Docking	Inhibits dsRNA binding	[151,152]
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)	Proposed binding to NS1’s Arg38	Fluorescence polarization-based high-throughput assay	Inhibits dsRNA binding	[144]
Quinoxaline family of compounds	NS1 inhibitor	Fluorescence polarization-based high-throughput assay	Inhibit dsRNA binding	[145]
(no name, see paper for three compounds)	Block NS1	Radiolabeled RNA	Inhibit NS1 binding to RNA	[146]
C3	Counteracts IFN blockage by NS1	Caspase 3-based high-throughput assay	IFN-induction	[148]
mAb	Binds selectively to NS1 of avian influenza virus	Antigen screening using recombinant peptides	Recognition of NS1’s presence	[132]
mAb	Binds to Thr49 region of NS1 of avian influenza virus	Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), surface plasmon resonance	Interferes with the virus ability to replicate	[159]
mAb D9	Binds to linear epitope in NS1	Western blot assay	Recognition of NS1’s presence	[131]