Table 1.
Cross-sectional studies in aging humans at baseline.
| Reference | Subjects | Age (y) | Aerobic Fitness | Health/BMI | Ceramide Method | Muscle Ceramide | Ceramide Species | IS Method | IS | Associations with IS | Other |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rivas et al. (2012) [26] | Young (9 M) |
22 ± 1 | - | Lean | HPLC-MS | - | - | - | - | None examined | C:16 - associated with leg lean mass and strength |
| Old (10 M) | 74 ± 2 | - | OW | = Young | > C:16, C:20 and Sat vs. Young | - | - | ||||
| Moro et al. (2009) [27] | Lean (10 M/6 F) |
24 ± 1 | - | Lean | LC/ESI/MS/MS | HE Clamp ^ | 8.3 ± 0.7 | Ceramides not associated with age | IMTG + correlated with ceramides | ||
| Obese (14 M/18 F) |
41 ± 3 | - | Obese | > vs. Lean Young | > Sat vs. Lean Young | 6.1 ± 0.4 | |||||
| Søgaard et al. (2019) [28] |
Young (11 M) |
23 ± 1 | VO2peak-Rel: 46 ± 1 * | Lean | TLC-HPLC | 622 ± 74 | > C:16, C:18, C:22 vs. both OLD | Insulin 120-min OGTT (pmol·L−1) | 87.9 ± 14.8 | In young: No association in the old | - |
| Old (18 M) | 66 ± 1 | VO2peak-Rel: 31 ± 1 * | Lean/OW | 410 ± 66 | - | 97.6 ± 55.3 | - | ||||
| Chee et al. 2016 [29] | Young Lean (n = 7) | 21y ± 1 | VO2peak-Rel: 57 ± 2 ‡ | Lean | LC/ESI/MS/MS | - | - | HE Clamp, (mg·kg LBM−1·min−1) & skeletal muscle 2-DG accumulation | 65 ± 6.0 | Only with overweight | - |
| Old Lean (n = 7) |
70 ± 1 | VO2peak-Rel: 45 ± 2 ‡ | Lean | - | - | 58 ± 6 | - | ||||
| Old Overweight (n = 7) | 69 ± 1 | VO2peak-Rel: 40 ± 2 ‡ | OW | - | C:20: > Young Lean | 42 ± 5 | largely driven by differences in BW | ||||
| Søgaard et al. (2019) [25] | Young (5 M/9 F) |
32 ± 2 | VO2max-Rel: 28.3 ± 1.2 | Obese | LC/ESI/MS/MS | - | - | HOMA-IR | 2.14 ± 0.24 | Not reported | - |
| Old (11 M/11 F) |
63 ± 1 | VO2max-Rel: 25.2 ± 1.0 | Obese | Sat, C:16, C:18, C:18:1: > Young Obese | Sat, C:16, C:18, C:18:1: > Young Obese | 1.88 0.23 |
>, greater than; BMI, Body Mass Index; BW, Body weight; Cer, Ceramides; F, female; HE, hyperinsulinemic euglycemic; HOMA-IR, Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance, IMTG, intramuscular trigycerides; IS, insulin sensitivity; M, male; min, minutes; n, number of subjects; OW, overweight; Sat, saturated; VO2peak, peak oxygen uptake; y, years; ^, μmol glucose infused·kg FFM−1·min; Rel, relative * (milliliters per kilogram per minute ); ‡, (milliliters per kilogram of fat free mass per minute ).