Table 2.
Exercise training studies in rodents.
| Reference | Subjects | Age | Aerobic Fitness | Health/BMI | PA Modification | Ceramide Method | Muscle Ceramide | Ceramide Species | IS Method | IS (PRE) | IS (Post) | Associations | Note |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dobrzyń et al. (2004) [56] |
Rat (Wistar) (10 M) |
250–280 g | Sed | Lean | Control | TLC, GLC | ~135 nmol/g | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Rat (Wistar) AET (10 M) |
250–280 g | Sed | Lean | 6 wk forced treadmill running | ~80 nmol/g ↓, sat in oxidative muscles | ↓ C14, C16, C16:1, C18, 20:4, 22, 24:1 | - | - | - | - | ↓ SM, ↑ sphinganine nSMase, ↔ sphingosine |
||
| Tsalouhidou et al. (2009) [57] | Rat (Wistar) Sed (15 M) |
7 wk | Sed | Lean | Control | one-dimensional TLC-GC | 0.33 ± 0.16 µmol/g | ↔ | - | - | - | None | PC, PE, PI, PS, CL, SM and LPC unchanged |
| Rat (Wistar) AET (20 M) |
7 wk | Sed, Improved | Lean | 8 wk voluntary wheel running | BL=, 0.27 ± 0.06 µmol/g |
↔ | - | - | - | 31% ↓ PI | |||
| Błachnio-Zabielska et al. (2011) [58] |
Rat (Wistar) Sed (8 M) |
200–250 g | Sed | Lean | Control | HPLC (C17 std) |
24.57 ± 3.53 nmol/g wet wt | - | HOMA-IR | - | 1.13 ± 0.10 | Wrong direction | - |
| Rat (Wistar) AET (8 M) |
24 h post | Sed | Lean | 5 wk forced treadmill running | 28.70 ± 3.59 nmol/g wet wt | - | HOMA-IR | - | 0.54 ± 0.04 ↓ | Wrong direction | Plasma FFA >100% lower, > Sphinganine, SPA1P, SPT2 and aSMase. ↓ nCDase and alCDase |
||
| Holloway et al. (2014) [59] | Rat (Zucker) (18 F) |
~255 g | Sed | Lean | 6 d e-stim 6 h/d |
TLC, GLC | ↔ Red, ↓ White | ↔ Red, ↓ White | 3-OMG in perfused hindlimb | Lean > Obese | ↑, but Lean > Obese | + TAG, lipid droplet size | ↑ lipid droplets |
| Rat (Zucker) (18 F) |
~350 g | Sed | Obese | 6 d e-stim 6 h/d |
↓↓ | ↓↓ C18 | - | ↑ | + TAG, lipid droplet size | ↑↑ lipid droplets |
↑, increase; ↑↑, large increase; ↓, decrease; ↓↓, large decrease; ↔, no change; 3-OMG, 3-O-methylglucose; AET, aerobic exercise training; alCDase, alkaline ceramidase; aSMase, acid sphingomyelinase; BMI, Body Mass Index; BL, baseline; CL, cardiolipin; d, days; e-stim, electrical stimulation; F, female; FFA, free fatty acids; g, grams; GC, gas chromatography; GLC, gas–liquid chromatography; h, hours; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; IS, insulin sensitivity; LPC, lysophosphatidyl choline; M, male; n, number of subjects; nCDase, neutral ceramidase; nmol/g, nanomole per gram; nSMase, neutral sphingomyelinase; PC, phosphatidyl choline; PE, phosphatidyl ethanolamine; PI, phosphatidyl inositol; PS, Phosphatidyl serine; Red, red portion of gastrocnemius; sat, saturated; Sed, sedentary; SM, sphingomyelin; SPA1P, sphinganine-1-phosphate; SPT2, serine palmitoyltransferase 2; TAG, triglycerides; TLC, thin-layer chromatography; White, white portion of gastrocnemius; wk, weeks; wt, weight.