ALP	alkaline phosphatase
Akt	RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase
ATF2	activating transcription factor 2
Bcl-2	B-cell lymphoma 2
BMP	bone morphogenetic protein
BMPR	bone morphogenetic protein receptor
BRAM1	bone morphogenetic protein receptor associated molecule 1
CCR2	C-C chemokine receptor type 2
CE	cholesteryl ester
CTGF	connective tissue growth factor
CVD	cardiovascular disease
CX3CR1	C-X3-C motif chemokine receptor
DC	dendritic cells
ECM	extracellular matrix
ERK	extracellular signal-regulated Kinase
GMCSF	granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor
HSC	hematopoietic stem cell
IFN-γ	interferon gamma
iNOS	inducible nitric oxide synthase
JNK	c-Jun-N terminal Kinase
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinases
MCP-1	monocyte chemotactic protein
MCSF	macrophage colony stimulating factor
MMP	matrix metalloproteinase
MNC	mononuclear cells
MSC	mesenchymal stem cells
mTOR	mammalian target of rapamycin
MyoD	myoblast determination protein 1
NFkB	nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B
OCN	osteocalcin
OPN	osteopontin
OSX	osterix
PI3	phosphatidylinositol 3
PK	protein kinase
PTEN	phosphatase and tensin homolog
RON	reactive nitrogen species
ROS	reactive oxygen species
Runx2	run-related transcription factor 2
SR	scavenger receptor
T2DM	type 2 diabetes
TAB1	TAK1 binding protein
TAK1	TGF-beta activated kinase 1
TF	tissue factor
TGF-β1	transforming growth factor beta1
TNF-α	tumor necrosis factor alpha
TRAIL	TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand
VSMC	Vascular smooth muscle cells
XIAP	X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein