Table 1.
Types of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their functions.
| Types | Alternate Names | Tissues that Express | Functions | Receptors |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BMP-1 | BMP-1 is a metalloproteinase | major end organs (heart, lung, liver, pancreas, kidney, and brain), lymphoid organs (bone marrow, thymus, spleen and lymph nodes), exocrine glands (prostate and mammary gland) organ protectors (muscle and bone) | Metalloprotease that cleaves COOH–propeptides of procollagens I, II, and III/induces cartilage formation/cleaves BMP antagonist chordin |
_____ |
| BMP-2 | BMP-2A, XBMP2, xBMP-2, MGC114605 |
major end organs (lung, pancreas, and kidney), lymphoid organ (spleen) | Induces bone and cartilage formation. Plays a role in skeletal repair and regeneration/heart formation | ALK-2, 3, 6 BMPR-II; ActR-IIA, ActR-IIB |
| BMP-3a & 3b |
Osteogenin, BMP-3A |
major end organs (brain, heart, pancreas), exocrine gland (prostate), organ protector (skeletal muscle), lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), BMP-3b also expresses in spinal cord |
Negative regulator of bone morphogenesis Cell differentiation regulation; skeletal morphogenesis; Regulates cell growth and differentiation in both embryonic and adult tissues |
ALK-4 ActR-IIA, ActR-IIB |
| BMP-4 | BMP-2B, BMP2B1, ZYME, OFC11, MCOPS6 |
major end organs (brain, heart, pancreas, liver, lung, kidney), exocrine gland (prostate), organ protector (skeletal muscle), lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), spinal cord | Skeletal repair and regeneration; kidney formation; Induces cartilage and bone formation; limb formation; tooth development. | ALK-2,3,5,6 BMPR-II, ActR-IIA |
| BMP-5 | MGC34244 | major end organs (brain, heart, pancreas, liver, lung, kidney), exocrine gland (prostate), organ protector (skeletal muscle), lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), spinal cord | Limb development; induces bone and cartilage morphogenesis; connecting soft tissues | ALK-3 BMPR-II; ActR-IIA, ActR-IIB |
| BMP-6 | Vgr1, DVR-6 | major end organs (brain, heart, pancreas, liver, lung, kidney); exocrine gland (prostate); organ protector (muscle and bone), lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus); spinal cord |
Cartilage hypertrophy; bone morphogenesis; nervous system development; Plays a role in early development | ALK-2, 3, 6 BMPR-II; ActR-IIA, ActR-IIB |
| BMP-7 | OP-1 | major end organs (brain, heart, pancreas, liver, lung, kidney), exocrine gland (prostate) organ protector (skeletal muscle), lymphoid organs (bone marrow, spleen and thymus), spinal cord. | Skeletal repair and regeneration; kidney and eye formation; nervous system development plays a major role in calcium regulation and bone homeostasis |
ALK 2, 3, 6 BMPR-II; |
| BMP-8a & 8b |
OP-2, FLJ14351, FLJ45264 OP-3, PC-8, MGC131757 |
major end organs (brain, heart, kidney, lung, liver, pancreas), exocrine gland (prostate), organ protector (skeletal muscle), lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus bone marrow) spinal cord | Induces cartilage formation; Bone morphogenesis and spermatogenesis; calcium regulation and bone homeostasis. | ALK 2; 3; 4; 6; 7 BMPR-II; ALK3,6 BMPR-II; ActR-IIA, ActR-IIB |
| BMP-9 | GDF-2 | major end organ (liver) | Bone morphogenesis; cholinergic neurons development; in glucose metabolism; potent inhibitor of angiogenesis |
ALK-1,2 BMPR-II; ActR-IIA, ActR-IIB |
| BMP-10 | MGC126783 | major end organs (brain, heart, kidney, lung, liver, pancreas), exocrine gland (prostate), organ protector (skeletal muscle), lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus, bone marrow) spinal cord. | Heart morphogenesis maintains the proliferative activity of embryonic cardiomyocytes by preventing premature activation of the negative cell cycle regulator; inhibits endothelial cell migration and growth |
ALK-1, 3, 6 ActR-IIA, ActR-IIB |
| BMP-11 | GDF-11 | major end organs (brain, pancreas), exocrine gland (prostate), lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus bone marrow) spinal cord. | Pattering mesodermal and neural tissues, dentin formation | ALK-3, 4, 5, 7 BMPR-II; ActR-IIA, ActR-IIB |
| BMP-12 | GDF-7, CDMP-3 | _____ | Ligament and tendon development/sensory neuron development | ALK-3, 6 BMPR-II; ActR-IIA |
| BMP-13 | GDF-6, CDMP-2, KFS, KFSL, SGM1, MGC158100, MGC158101 |
_____ | Normal formation of bones and joins; skeletal morphogenesis and chondrogenesis Plays a key role in establishing boundaries between skeletal elements during development |
ALK-3, 6 BMPR-II; ActR-IIA, ActR-IIB |
| BMP-14 | GDF-5, CDMP-1, OS5, LAP4, SYNS2, MP52 |
sensory organs (eye, skin), major end organs (brain, heart; kidney, liver, lung), embryonic tissue, mixed connective tissue, pituitary gland, salivary gland; exocrine gland (prostate), reproductive system related (uterus), lymphoid organ (bone marrow) | Bone and cartilage formation; Skeletal repair and regeneration |
ALK-3, 6 BMPR-II; ActR-IIA |
| BMP-15 | GDF-9B, ODG2, POF4 | _______ | Oocyte and follicular development | ALK-6 |
| BMP-16 | _____ | embryonic tissue; reproductive system (testis) |
Skeletal repair and regeneration Essential for mesoderm formation and axial patterning during embryonic development |
_____ |
| BMP-17 | _____ | major end organ (brain, lung, liver, pancreas, spleen) lymphoid organ (lymph node); exocrine gland (mammary gland); sensory organ (skin); reproductive organ (testis); bladder; embryonic tissue; intestine; joints; | Required for left-right axis determination as a regulator of LEFTY2 and NODAL | _____ |
| BMP-18 | _____ | major end organ (brain), embryonic tissue, reproductive system (testis) |
Required for left-right (L-R) asymmetry determination of organ systems in mammals. May play a role in endometrial bleeding | _____ |
ALK: activin receptor-like kinase; Actr: activin receptor; BMPR: bone morphogenetic protein receptor.