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The up- and downstream relationships of the Akt, CaMKII, and AMPK signaling cascade in TCEE-treated ECs. (A–C) ECs were pretreated with LY294002 (10 μM), compound C (C.C., 10 μM), or KN62 (10 μM) for 2 h, and then with TCEE (2 μg/mL) for 30 min. Western blot analysis of phosphorylated or total of Akt, CaMKII, AMPK, eNOS, and α-tubulin. Data are mean ± SEM from 5 independent experiments. * p < 0.05 vs. vehicle-treated group; # p < 0.05 vs. TCEE-treated group.
