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Schematic illustration of the proposed mechanism underlying the TCEE-mediated anti-inflammatory effect in ECs and atherosclerosis. As shown, challenge with TCEE elicits the activation of the Akt/CaMKII/AMPK/eNOS/NO pathway, which in turn promotes pro-angiogenic activity and inhibits the pro-inflammatory response by TNF-α in ECs and retards the atherosclerosis in ApoE−/− mice.
