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. 2020 Feb 3;12(2):339. doi: 10.3390/cancers12020339

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Scheme 1 — Following cetuximab treatment, an upregulation of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway was observed in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of Cetuximab^Prog-PDX (the increased tumor volume of patient-derived xenografts), whereas in Cetuximab^Sen-PDXs (the decreased tumor volume of patient-derived xenografts), a downregulation of the same pathway was detected. The stromal TGF-beta signal was found to originate from cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the TME; inhibition of TGF-beta, together with cetuximab, succeeded to sensitize Cetuximab^Prog-PDX. The scheme was created with BioRender © 2019.