TABLE 2.

Subgroup analysis on the effects of whole-grain consumption on BMI

	Effect sizes, n	Mean (95% CI)	P: within1	I 2,2 %	P: between
Overall	10	0.61 (0.54, 0.95)	<0.001	90.0
Sex					<0.001
Both	8	−0.11 (−0.34 to 0.13)	0.38	0
Females	2	1.63 (1.35–1.92)	<0.001	61.4
Baseline mean of BMI					0.002
Nonobese (<30 kg/m2)	2	0.01 (−0.42 to 0.43)	0.98	0
Obese (≥30 kg/m2)	8	0.74 (0.54–0.95)	<0.001	91.3
Health condition					<0.001
Healthy	1	−0.20 (−0.96 to 0.56)	0.60	0
Unhealthy	9	0.66 (0.47–0.85)	<0.001	90.6
Duration of intervention					0.002
<8 wk	3	−0.00 (−0.43 to 0.42)	0.98	0
≥8 wk	7	0.75 (0.55–0.95)	<0.001	92.4
Study design					<0.001
Parallel	6	1.10 (0.86–1.35)	<0.001	90.6
Crossover	4	−0.02 (−0.30 to 0.25)	0.87	0
Calorie restriction					0.02
Hypocaloric diet	2	−0.55 (−1.55 to 0.46)	0.28	0
Isocaloric diet	8	0.65 (0.46–0.84)	<0.001	91.7
Intervention type					<0.001
Whole-grain diet	4	−0.11 (−0.43 to 0.20)	0.47	0
Whole-grain products	6	0.98 (0.76–1.21)	<0.001	91.3
Anthropometric measures as:					<0.001
Primary outcome variables	5	1.00 (0.77–1.23)	<0.001	92.9
Secondary outcome variables	5	−0.10 (−0.40 to 0.21)	0.53	0

¹Refers to the mean (95% CI).

²Inconsistency, percentage of variation across studies due to heterogeneity.