Table 1.
Baseline characteristics in renal transplant recipients (n = 518).
| Total (n = 518) | Diabetic RTR (n = 132) | Non-Diabetic RTR (n = 386) | P-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General characteristics | ||||
| Age, years | 52.7 ± 13.0 | 57.2 ± 10.1 | 51.1 ± 13.6 | <0.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 278 (53.7) | 71 (46.2) | 207 (53.6) | 0.97 |
| Race (white), n (%) | 515 (99.4) | 132 (100.0) | 383 (99.2) | 0.31 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.6 ± 4.8 | 28.7 ± 5.3 | 25.9 ± 4.5 | <0.001 |
| Physical activity score (time x intensity) |
5075 (2190–8100) | 3690 (1215–6563) | 5590 (2810–8715) | <0.001 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.16 | |||
| Never | 203 (39.2) | 49 (37.1) | 154 (39.9) | |
| Former | 228 (44.0) | 63 (47.7) | 165 (42.7) | |
| Current | 63 (12.2) | 10 (7.6) | 53 (13.7) | |
| Alcohol consumption, g/d | 2.3 (0.0–11.1) | 1.6 (0.0–7.4) | 2.6 (0.0–11.7) | 0.05 |
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | 2139 ± 634 | 2106 ± 599 | 2152 ± 647 | 0.49 |
| Urea excretion, mmol/24h | 389.4 ± 117.2 | 391.2 ± 124.3 | 388.8 ± 114.9 | 0.83 |
| Circulation | ||||
| Heart rate, b.p.m. | 68.6 ± 12.1 | 72.2 ± 11.3 | 67.3 ± 12.1 | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg | 135.9 ± 17.7 | 138.2 ± 18.5 | 135.1 ± 17.4 | 0.07 |
| DBP, mmHg | 82.1 ± 11.0 | 82.0 ± 10.3 | 82.1 ± 11.3 | 0.93 |
| Transplant characteristics | ||||
| Transplant vintage, years | 5.0 (1.7–11.9) | 6.2 (1.7–11.8) | 4.9 (1.7–12.0) | 0.59 |
| Living donor, n (%) | 182 (35.1) | 37 (28.0) | 145 (37.6) | 0.05 |
| Pre-emptive transplant, n (%) | 91 (17.6) | 14 (10.6) | 77 (19.9) | 0.02 |
| Dialysis duration, months | 42.0 (18.5–59.0) | 36.0 (18.5–52.5) | 44.0 (17.0–59.8) | 0.58 |
| Age donor, years | 43.7 ± 15.2 | 41.9 ± 15.2 | 44.3 ± 15.2 | 0.12 |
| Renal allograft function | ||||
| Serum creatinine, µmol/L | 127.0 (101.0–167.3) | 133.0 (102.3–166.0) | 126.0 (101.0–168.0) | 0.77 |
| eGFR, ml/min per 1.73 m2 | 50.6 ± 19.9 | 49.5 ± 20.8 | 51.0 ± 19.6 | 0.45 |
| Proteinuria, n (%) | 117 (22.6) | 35 (26.5) | 82 (21.2) | 0.19 |
| Glucose homeostasis | ||||
| Plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.2 (4.8–6.0) | 7.0 (5.4–8.1) | 5.1 (4.7–5.5) | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.0 ± 0.8 | 6.9 ± 1.1 | 5.7 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
| Lipids and lipoproteins | ||||
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 5.2 ± 1.2 | 5.2 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 0.64 |
| HDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.5 | 0.03 |
| LDL-cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 0.59 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 1.7 (1.3–2.4) | 1.9 (1.4–3.0) | 1.7 (1.2–2.2) | <0.001 |
| Medication | ||||
| Calcineurin inhibitor, n (%) | 0.19 | |||
| Cyclosporine | 218 (42.1) | 61 (46.2) | 157 (40.7) | |
| Tacrolimus | 93 (18.0) | 27 (20.5) | 66 (17.1) | |
| Trough level cyclosporine (µg/L) | 108.0 (77.0–144.0) | 102.5 (74.0–156.0) | 111.0 (77.5–142.0) | 0.78 |
| Trough level tacrolimus (µg/L) | 6.8 (5.0–9.0) | 6.6 (5.4–9.9) | 7.2 (4.9–9.0) | 0.78 |
| Proliferation inhibitor, n (%) | 0.20 | |||
| Azathioprine | 100 (19.3) | 22 (16.7) | 78 (20.2) | |
| Mycofenol | 333 (64.3) | 82 (62.1) | 251 (65.0) | |
| Prednisolone, n (%) | 513 (99.0) | 131 (99.2) | 382 (99.0) | 0.78 |
| Prednisolone dose, mg/24h | 10.0 (7.5–10.0) | 10.0 (7.5–10.0) | 10.0 (7.5–10.0) | 0.71 |
| Antihypertensive drugs, n (%) | 462 (89.2) | 121 (91.7) | 341 (88.3) | 0.29 |
| Statins, n (%) | 270 (52.1) | 84 (63.6) | 186 (48.2) | 0.002 |
| Amino acids | ||||
| Total BCAA, µM | 389.6 ± 89.0 | 424.6 ± 97.9 | 377.6 ± 82.5 | <0.001 |
| Valine, µM | 203.0 ± 44.7 | 217.0 ± 48.9 | 198.2 ± 42.2 | <0.001 |
| Leucine, µM | 141.7 ± 37.3 | 157.1 ± 42.1 | 136.5 ± 34.0 | <0.001 |
| Isoleucine, µM | 44.9 ± 19.1 | 51.8 ± 20.0 | 43.5 ± 17.8 | <0.001 |
Data are represented as mean ± SD, median (interquartile range) or n (%). Differences were tested by unpaired T-test or Mann–Whitney U test for continuous variables and with χ 2-test for categorical variables. RTR, renal transplant recipients; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; LP-IR, lipoprotein insulin resistance index; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; BCAA, branched-chain amino acids.