Table 1.

Correlation between leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) expression and clinicopathological parameters.

Clinicopathological Parameters	Degree of LIF Staining
	0 (n = 32)	1 or 2 (n = 22)	3 or 4 (n = 46)	p-Value a
Patient’s ages (years)
<50	7 (21.9%)	6 (27.3%)	11 (23.9%)	0.828
50–59	18 (56.2%)	9 (40.9%)	19 (41.3%)
60–69	4 (12.5%)	5 (22.7%)	9 (19.6%)
≥70	3 (9.4%)	2 (9.1%)	7 (15.2%)
Patient’s sex
Male	28 (87.5%)	19 (95.5%)	44 (95.6%)	0.335
Female	4 (12.5%)	3 (4.5%)	2 (4.4%)
Cancer locations
Buccal and lip SCC	16 (50%)	10 (45.5%)	22 (47.8%)	0.526 b
Gingival SCC	5 (15.6%)	5 (22.7%)	2 (4.3%)
Mouth floor SCC	0 (0%)	0 (0%)	1 (2.2%)
Palate SCC	1 (3.1%)	1 (4.5%)	3 (6.5%)
Tongue SCC	10 (31.3%)	6 (27.3%)	18 (39.1%)
T status
T1–T2	22 (68.8%)	19 (86.4%)	23 (50%)	0.051
T3–T4	10 (31.2%)	3 (13.6%)	23 (50%)
N status
N0	23 (71.9%)	12 (54.5%)	18 (39.1%)	0.022 *
N1	6 (18.8%)	4 (18.2%)	20 (43.5%)
N2–N3	3 (9.3%)	6 (27.3%)	8 (17.4%)
Clinical staging
Stage 1	10 (31.25%)	5 (22.7%)	5 (10.9%)	0.022 *
Stage 2	10 (31.25%)	7 (31.8%)	6 (13.0%)
Stage 3	2 (6.25%)	3 (13.6%)	13 (28.3%)
Stage 4	10 (31.25%)	7 (31.8%)	22 (47.8%)
Stages 1–2	20 (62.5%)	12 (54.5%)	11 (23.9%)	0.002 *
Stages 3–4	12 (37.5%)	10 (45.5%)	35 (76.1%)
Histological differentiation
Well-diff. SCC	30 (93.8%)	20 (90.1%)	41 (89.1%)	0.773
Moderately-diff. SCC	1 (3.1%)	2 (9.9%)	3 (6.5%)
Poorly-diff. SCC	1 (3.1%)	0 (0.0%)	2 (4.4%)
Depth of invasion (DOI)
<5 mm	25 (78.1%)	13 (59.1%)	9 (19.6%)	0.001 *
5–9 mm	5 (15.6%)	5 (22.7%)	29 (63.0%)
>9 mm	2 (6.3%)	4 (18.2%)	8 (17.4%)
Margin status
≥5 mm	29 (90.6%)	17 (72.3%)	27 (58.7%)	0.023 *
<5 mm	1 (3.1%)	4 (18.2%)	15 (32.6%)
Involved	2 (6.3%)	1 (4.5%)	4 (8.7%)
Perineural invasion
No	27 (84.4%)	18 (81.8%)	36 (78.3%)	0.79
Yes	5 (15.6%)	4 (18.2%)	10 (21.7%)

^a Kruskal–Wallis test, ^b Based on a chi-squared test. Abbreviation: SCC—squamous cell carcinoma. (* p < 0.05).