Table 1.
Characteristics of patients classified according to the presence or absence of preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).
| Without HF (N = 232) | With HF (N = 133) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 62.3 ± 9.7 | 74.0 ± 7.7 | <0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 169 (72.8) | 43 (32.3) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.2 ± 4.6 | 29.1 ± 4.2 | 0.90 |
| SBP, mmHg | 135 ± 18.3 | 136 ± 20.3 | 0.58 |
| DBP, mmHg | 81.8 ± 10.4 | 74.9 ± 12.0 | <0.001 |
| MAP, mmHg | 99.4 ± 11.5 | 95.2 ± 13.5 | 0.003 |
| HR, beats/min | 66.5 ± 11.3 | 68.9 ± 14.9 | 0.12 |
| Previous cardiovascular history, n (%) | |||
| Hospitalized within 12 months | 0 (0.0) | 46 (34.3) | |
| Peripheral artery disease | 2 (0.9) | 5 (3.8) | 0.10 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 2 (0.9) | 9 (6.8) | 0.002 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 8 (3.4) | 48 (36.1) | <0.001 |
| NYHA class | |||
| I | 29 (21.8) | ||
| II | 70 (52.6) | ||
| III | 34 (25.6) | ||
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||
| Obesity | 92 (39.7) | 51 (38.3) | 0.81 |
| Dyslipidemia | 110 (47.4) | 87 (65.4) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes | 40 (17.2) | 27 (20.3) | 0.47 |
| OSAHS | 7 (3.0) | 11 (8.3) | 0.041 |
| COPD | 0 (0.0) | 8 (6.0) | |
| Anemia | 14 (6.0) | 23 (17.3) | 0.001 |
| CKD | 81 (34.9) | 61 (45.9) | 0.039 |
| Treatments, n (%) | |||
| Beta-blockers | 40 (17.2) | 101 (75.9) | <0.001 |
| ACEI/ARB | 164 (70.7) | 106 (79.7) | 0.06 |
| Diuretics | 87 (37.5) | 100 (75.2) | <0.001 |
| MR blockers | 9 (3.9) | 50 (37.6) | <0.001 |
| Anti-diabetic drugs | 35 (15.1) | 25 (18.8) | 0.36 |
| Biochemical parameters | |||
| ACR, mg/g | 8.1 (4.7–15.8) | 18.4 (8.4–34.8) | <0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 76.9 ± 21.5 | 62.7 ± 18.9 | <0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 14.8 ± 1.4 | 13.2 ± 1.6 | <0.001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 332 (191–782) | ||
| PICP, ng/mL | 61.1 (50.2–79.5) | 91.0 (70.6–108) | <0.001 |
| CITP:MMP-1 ratio | 4.0 (2.3-6.6) | 3.0 (1.5–5.0) | <0.001 |
| Echocardiographic parameters | |||
| LV morphology | |||
| LVMI, g/m2 | 112 ± 30.7 | 119 ± 30.1 | 0.056 |
| LVH, n (%) | 116 (50.0) | 94 (70.7) | <0.001 |
| RWT | 0.41 ± 0.08 | 0.47 ± 0.10 | <0.001 |
| RWT > 0.45, n (%) | 60 (25.9) | 73 (54.9) | <0.001 |
| LVEDVi, mL/m2 | 58.3 ± 19.9 | 40.1 ± 13.4 | <0.001 |
| LVESVi, mL/m2 | 21.1 ± 8.6 | 14.2 ± 7.2 | <0.001 |
| LV function | |||
| E wave, cm/s | 69.5 ± 15.9 | 82.8 ± 25.4 | <0.001 |
| E:A ratio | 0.89 ± 0.23 | 0.95 ± 0.44 | 0.51 |
| DT, ms | 219 ± 67.4 | 228 ± 65.3 | 0.22 |
| Mean e ‘, cm/s | 9.2 ± 2.6 | 7.1 ± 2.1 | <0.001 |
| E:e’ ratio | 8.0 ± 2.7 | 13.3 ± 4.3 | <0.001 |
| E:e’ ratio > 15, n (%) | 3 (1.3) | 37 (27.8) | <0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 63.6 ± 6.3 | 67.4 ± 8.2 | <0.001 |
| LA morphology | |||
| LAVI, mL/m2 | 25.4 ± 7.0 | 33.5 ± 12.5 | <0.001 |
| LAVI > 34 mL/m2, n (%) | 24(10.3) | 56(42.1) | <0.001 |
HF means heart failure; BMI, body mass index; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MAP, mean arterial pressure; HR, heart rate; NYHA, New York Heart Association; OSAHS, obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome; COPD; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CKD, chronic kidney disease; ACEI, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers; MR, mineralocorticoid receptor; ACR, albumin to creatinine ratio; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NT-proBNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; PICP, carboxy-terminal propeptide of procollagen type I; CITP:MMP-1, carboxy-terminal telopeptide of collagen type I to serum matrix metalloproteinase-1 ratio; LV, left ventricular; LVMI, LV mass index; LVH, LV hypertrophy; RWT, relative wall thickness; LVEDVi, LV end-diastolic volume index; LVESVi, LV end-systolic volume index; E, peak early diastolic velocity; A, peak late diastolic velocity; DT, deceleration time; e’, mean peak early diastolic mitral annular velocity at the septal and lateral acquisition sites; LVEF, LV ejection fraction; LA, left atrial; LAVI, left atrial volume index. Quantitative variables are expressed as mean ± SD or as median (interquartile range). Categorical variables are expressed as numbers (percentages).