Table 2.
Risk of bias assessment.
| Random Sequence Generation (Selection Bias) | Allocation Concealment (Selection Bias) | Blinding of Participants and Personal (Performance Bias) | Blinding of Outcome Assessment (Detection Bias) | Incomplete Outcome Data (Attrition Bias) | Selective Reporting (Reporting Bias) | Other Bias | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Villani and Riva | 2008 | low | unclear | unclear | low | low | low | low |
| Tong et al. | 2015 | low | unclear | low | unclear | low | low | low |
| Cikajlo et al. | 2016 | high | high | unclear | unclear | low | low | high: small sample size/no control group/\no homogeneous clinical sample |
| Hasan et al. | 2016 | high | high | unclear | unclear | high | high | high: no control group |
| Konrad et al. | 2016 | low | low | low | low | low | low | low |
| Baez et al. | 2017 | low | low | unclear | low | low | low | low |
| Singh et al. | 2017 | high | high | unclear | unclear | high | high | high: small sample size/no control group |
| Weerdmeester et al. | 2017 | high | high | unclear | unclear | low | low | high: no control group |
| Bornioli et al. | 2018 | high | high | unclear | unclear | low | low | high: no control group |
| Lorenzetti et al. | 2018 | low | low | unclear | unclear | low | low | high: small sample size/no control group |
| Bornioli et al. | 2019 | high | high | unclear | unclear | low | low | high: no control group |
NOTE: low (risk of bias); unclear (risk of bias); high (risk of bias).