Table 3.
Childhood major glucose metabolism outcomes according to joint status of general and abdominal obesity
| Normal weight | General overweight/obesity | P value | |||
| Normal waist circumstance | Abdominal obesity | Normal waist circumstance | Abdominal obesity | ||
| Subjects, n | 727 | 75 | 72 | 99 | |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/L) | 4.35±0.01 | 4.36±0.04 | 4.45±0.04* | 4.43±0.04 | 0.07 |
| Fasting insulin (mIU/L) | 2.43±0.07 | 2.54±0.22 | 3.06±0.23* | 4.26±0.20*†‡ | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR§ | −0.43±0.01 | −0.47±0.04 | −0.32±0.04*† | −0.21±0.03*†‡ | <0.001 |
| HOMA-β§ | 1.71±0.01 | 1.70±0.04 | 1.76±0.04 | 1.87±0.04*†‡ | <0.001 |
| Hyperglycemia | |||||
| Cases, n (%) | 166 (22.8) | 16 (21.3) | 25 (34.7) | 35 (35.4) | |
| OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 0.96 (0.53 to 1.73) | 1.68 (0.99 to 2.85) | 1.77 (1.12 to 2.78) | 0.005 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 0.94 (0.52 to 1.72) | 1.51 (0.88 to 2.60) | 1.62 (1.01 to 2.60) | 0.023 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 0.96 (0.52 to 1.75) | 1.52 (0.87 to 2.64) | 1.58 (0.97 to 2.56) | 0.035 |
| Insulin resistance | |||||
| Cases, n (%) | 149 (20.5) | 14 (18.7) | 29 (40.3) | 50 (50.5) | |
| OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.29 (0.69 to 2.42) | 2.51 (1.48 to 4.28) | 5.03 (3.18 to 7.97) | <0.001 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.25 (0.66 to 2.36) | 2.32 (1.35 to 3.99) | 4.73 (2.94 to 7.62) | <0.001 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 1.27 (0.67 to 2.42) | 2.41 (1.38 to 4.23) | 4.61 (2.83 to 7.52) | <0.001 |
| β-cell dysfunction | |||||
| Cases, n (%) | 175 (24.1) | 24 (32) | 11 (15.3) | 17 (17.2) | |
| OR (95% CI) | |||||
| Model 1 | 1 | 1.23 (0.72 to 2.08) | 0.68 (0.35 to 1.35) | 0.61 (0.35 to 1.08) | 0.08 |
| Model 2 | 1 | 1.16 (0.67 to 1.98) | 0.72 (0.36 to 1.43) | 0.60 (0.34 to 1.06) | 0.07 |
| Model 3 | 1 | 1.13 (0.65 to 1.95) | 0.73 (0.36 to 1.47) | 0.62 (0.35 to 1.12) | 0.11 |
Model 1 adjusted for children’s sex, age, birth weight, and feeding status.
Model 2 adjusted for variables in model 1 plus children’s screen time, sleep time, outside activity, daily energy intake, fiber, fat, protein and carbohydrate consumption.
Model 3 adjusted for variables in model 2 plus maternal delivery age, smoking status, education, gestational age at delivery, pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), weight gain during pregnancy, and hypertensive disorder of pregnancy.
HOMA-β was used to estimate β-cell secretory function.
*P<0.05 compared with normal weight and normal waist circumstance group.
†P<0.05 compared with abdominal obesity only group.
‡P<0.05 compared with general overweight/obesity only group.
§Data were log transformed. Differences in fasting glucose, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β were calculated using general linear model, and adjusted for children’s age, sex, birth weight, feeding status, screen-watching time, sleep time, outside activity, daily energy intake, fiber, fat, protein and carbohydrate consumption. Means±SEs were presented.
HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.