Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of liver cancer cases, chronic liver disease deaths, and matched-controls in Alpha-Tocopherol and Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study
| Baseline characteristics | Liver cancer incidence |
Chronic liver disease death |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) cases (n = 221) | No. (%) controls (n = 221) | P* | No. (%) cases (n = 242) | No. (%) controls (n = 242) | P * | |
| Alcohol, >11.6 g ethanol/day† | 113 (58.3) | 92 (47.4) | .03 | 156 (77.6) | 103 (51.2) | <.001 |
| Self-reported diabetes, yes | 25 (11.3) | 5 (2.3) | <.001 | 9 (3.7) | 9 (3.7) | 1.00 |
| Education, ≤ elementary | 58 (26.2) | 45 (20.4) | .14 | 67 (27.7) | 54 (22.3) | .17 |
| HBV, anti-HBc, yes‡ | 20 (16.7) | 5 (4.2) | .003 | 12 (5.8) | 13 (6.3) | .84 |
| HBV, HBsAg, yes‡ | 2 (1.7) | 3 (2.5) | .66 | 1 (0.5) | 1 (0.5) | 1.00 |
| HCV, anti-HCV, yes‡ | 6 (5.0) | 1 (0.8) | .06 | 6 (2.9) | 2 (1.0) | .16 |
| Mean entry age (SD), y | 57.8 (4.8) | 57.3 (4.5) | .004 | 55.2 (4.0) | 55.2 (4.3) | .78 |
| Mean coffee intake (SD), 8 oz cups/day† | 2.1 (1.4) | 2.6 (1.5) | .002 | 1.6 (1.2) | 2.4 (1.4) | <.001 |
| Mean BMI (SD), kg/m2 | 27.6 (4.5) | 26.1 (3.4) | <.001 | 26.8 (4.0) | 26.9 (3.8) | .77 |
| Mean smoking intensity (SD), cigarettes/day | 21.1 (9.4) | 19.0 (8.9) | .03 | 22.2 (9.2) | 20.7 (8.1) | .06 |
| Mean smoking duration (SD), y | 36.9 (8.5) | 35.2 (8.4) | .01 | 34.0 (8.5) | 34.0 (7.7) | .48 |
| Mean glucose (SD), mg/dL§ | 111.0 (36.0) | 100.3 (12.2) | .006 | 104.6 (20.2) | 100.3 (15.3) | .02 |
| Mean insulin (SD), µU/mL§ | 9.9 (10.3) | 5.3 (3.5) | <.001 | 8.7 (13.5) | 5.5 (4.7) | <.001 |
| Mean HOMA-IR (SD)§ | 2.9 (3.8) | 1.3 (1.0) | <.001 | 2.5 (4.8) | 1.4 (1.4) | <.001 |
| Mean fruit and vegetable intake (SD), g/1000 kcal† | 144.9 (49.6) | 155.9 (59.5) | .05 | 147.3 (63.4) | 152.2 (66.2) | .56 |
| Mean red meat intake (SD), g/1000 kcal† | 28.3 (11.8) | 25.7 (10.5) | .05 | 28.0 (14.7) | 27.1 (12.1) | .89 |
| Mean processed meat intake (SD), g/1000 kcal† | 27.3 (19.2) | 26.0 (17.7) | .74 | 27.8 (16.7) | 27.3 (17.5) | .88 |
| Mean white meat intake (SD), g/1000 kcal† | 5.5 (6.8) | 5.1 (5.2) | .97 | 4.6 (4.9) | 5.4 (6.7) | .34 |
| Mean fish intake (SD), g/1000 kcal† | 15.8 (10.9) | 14.4 (10.5) | .06 | 14.6 (10.4) | 14.6 (9.4) | .89 |
| Mean saturated fat intake, (SD) g/day† | 18.5 (5.0) | 19.3 (5.0) | .16 | 18.0 (5.2) | 18.9 (4.5) | .04 |
| Mean total energy (SD), kcal† | 2617 (807) | 2729 (689) | .03 | 2687 (809) | 2732 (769) | .52 |
P value for McNemar test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. BMI = body mass index; HBc = hepatitis B core antibody; HBV = hepatitis B virus; HBsAg = hepatitis B surface antigen; HCV = hepatitis C virus; HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance.
Dietary data available for 194 liver cancer cases and matched controls and 201 fatal liver disease cases and matched controls.
Data on hepatitis B and C virus status was available for 120 liver cancer cases and matched controls and 206 fatal liver disease cases and matched controls.
Among those without a self-reported history of diabetes, data on fasting glucose and insulin were available for 107 liver cancer cases and matched controls and 190 fatal liver disease cases and matched controls.