Table 2.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals* for incident liver cancer comparing men in the 90th and 10th percentiles, based on the distribution in controls, for top metabolites, using conditional logistic regression
| Chemical class and metabolite | Unadjusted model | Model 1† | >0 to 10 years of follow-up (model 1)†,‡ | >10 years of follow-up (model 1)†,§ | Model 2 (diet adjusted)†,‖ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alkaloid | |||||
| Trigonelline | 0.33 (0.19 to 0.56) | 0.37 (0.20 to 0.67) | 0.10 (0.03 to 0.40) | 0.59 (0.29 to 1.22) | 0.46 (0.22 to 0.96) |
| P¶ | <.001 | .001 | .001 | .15 | .04 |
| Amino Acid | |||||
| Tyrosine | 5.06 (2.74 to 9.33) | 3.93 (2.00 to 7.74) | 7.21 (1.77 to 29.31) | 3.35 (1.49 to 7.56) | 3.60 (1.72 to 7.51) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | .006 | .004 | <.001 |
| Indoleamine | |||||
| Serotonin | 0.32 (0.20 to 0.53) | 0.33 (0.19 to 0.58) | 0.28 (0.10 to 0.84) | 0.41 (0.21 to 0.82) | 0.36 (0.20 to 0.65) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | .02 | .01 | <.001 |
| Dipeptide | |||||
| Leucyl-valine | 0.24 (0.14 to 0.43) | 0.22 (0.12 to 0.41) | 0.31 (0.10 to 0.97) | 0.12 (0.05 to 0.29) | 0.20 (0.10 to 0.40) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | .04 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Bile Acid | |||||
| Glycochenodeoxycholic acid | 3.92 (2.34 to 6.59) | 3.99 (2.22 to 7.17) | 5.70 (1.91 to 17.02) | 3.76 (1.74 to 8.12) | 3.73 (1.97 to 7.05) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | .002 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Glycocholic acid | 5.00 (2.84 to 8.80) | 4.95 (2.64 to 9.29) | 8.09 (2.25 to 29.03) | 4.65 (2.03 to 10.64) | 4.43 (2.27 to 8.64) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | .001 | <.001 | <.001 |
| Glycerophospholipid | |||||
| LysoPC(15:0) | 0.20 (0.11 to 0.35) | 0.17 (0.09 to 0.34) | 0.09 (0.02 to 0.37) | 0.27 (0.12 to 0.61) | 0.15 (0.06 to 0.35) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 |
| LysoPC(P-16:0) | 0.15 (0.08 to 0.28) | 0.21 (0.10 to 0.40) | 0.04 (0.01 to 0.22) | 0.30 (0.14 to 0.67) | 0.21 (0.10 to 0.43) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .003 | <.001 |
| LysoPC(18:2) | 0.21 (0.12 to 0.37) | 0.24 (0.13 to 0.45) | 0.13 (0.03 to 0.48) | 0.30 (0.15 to 0.62) | 0.21 (0.11 to 0.42) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | .002 | .001 | <.001 |
| Purine derivative | |||||
| Hypoxanthine | 0.19 (0.10 to 0.35) | 0.19 (0.10 to 0.38) | 0.11 (0.02 to 0.47) | 0.26 (0.11 to 0.58) | 0.21 (0.10 to 0.43) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | .003 | .001 | <.001 |
ORs for 221 liver cancer cases and 221 matched controls are scaled to compare the 90th to the 10th percentile of metabolite values (modeled on a continuous basis) based on the distribution in the controls; letting X90 and X10 denote the 90th percentile and 10th percentile in controls, and β denote the log(OR) from the conditional logistic regression model, the OR is eβ(X90−X10). CI = confidence interval; LysoPC = lysophosphatidylcholine; OR = odds ratio.
Models adjusted for entry age (years), body mass index (kg/m2), smoking intensity (cigarettes per day), smoking duration (years), alcohol intake (none, <11.6 g/day, ≥11.6 g/day, or missing), self-reported diabetes status (yes or no), education (≤ or > elementary education), and run order.
n = 146 (73 cases; 73 matched controls); missing alcohol assigned to highest frequency category owing to unstable risk estimates.
n = 296 (148 cases; 148 matched controls).
Models additionally adjusted for coffee intake (none, <1, 1 to <2, 2 to <3, or ≥3 cups [8 oz] per day), fruit and vegetable intake (g/1000 kcal), red meat intake (g/1000 kcal), white meat intake (g/1000 kcal), processed meat intake (g/1000 kcal), fish intake (g/1000 kcal), saturated fat intake (g/1000 kcal), energy intake (kcal); individuals with missing food frequency questionnaire data were grouped using an indicator variable.
P-value for χ2 test obtained from conditional logistic regression model for a given metabolite (modeled on a continuous basis); all tests were two-sided.