Table 3.
Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals* for liver disease death comparing men in the 90th and 10th percentiles, based on the distribution in controls, for top metabolites, using conditional logistic regression
| Chemical class and metabolite | Unadjusted model | Model 1† | >0 to 10 years of follow-up (model 1)†,‡ | >10 years of follow-up (model 1)†,§ | Model 2 (diet adjusted)†,‖ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alkaloid | |||||
| Trigonelline | 0.20 (0.12 to 0.36) | 0.24 (0.13 to 0.44) | 0.25 (0.09 to 0.66) | 0.22 (0.09 to 0.55) | 0.30 (0.14 to 0.62) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | .005 | .001 | <.001 |
| Amino Acid | |||||
| Tyrosine | 4.00 (2.36 to 6.77) | 4.91 (2.59 to 9.29) | 5.36 (2.14 to 13.40) | 4.47 (1.74 to 11.49) | 4.16 (2.07 to 8.37) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .002 | <.001 |
| Indoleamine | |||||
| Serotonin | 0.29 (0.18 to 0.46) | 0.28 (0.17 to 0.47) | 0.24 (0.11 to 0.52) | 0.29 (0.14 to 0.63) | 0.26 (0.15 to 0.46) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .002 | <.001 |
| Dipeptide | |||||
| Leucyl-valine | 0.27 (0.17 to 0.44) | 0.25 (0.15 to 0.43) | 0.16 (0.07 to 0.38) | 0.40 (0.19 to 0.83) | 0.30 (0.17 to 0.53) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .01 | <.001 |
| Bile Acid | |||||
| Glycochenodeoxycholic acid | 6.20 (3.53 to 10.88) | 6.77 (3.62 to 12.65) | 24.54 (6.19 to 97.21) | 3.76 (1.56 to 9.06) | 8.15 (3.88 to 17.12) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .003 | <.001 |
| Glycocholic acid | 4.05 (2.52 to 6.51) | 4.00 (2.42 to 6.62) | 6.51 (2.83 to 14.96) | 3.21 (1.49 to 6.90) | 3.82 (2.23 to 6.53) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .003 | <.001 |
| Glycerophospholipid | |||||
| LysoPC(15: 0) | 0.17 (0.10 to 0.30) | 0.22 (0.12 to 0.38) | 0.15 (0.06 to 0.40) | 0.30 (0.13 to 0.66) | 0.18 (0.09 to 0.38) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .003 | <.001 |
| LysoPC(P-16: 0) | 0.26 (0.15 to 0.45) | 0.29 (0.16 to 0.54) | 0.32 (0.14 to 0.74) | 0.18 (0.06 to 0.52) | 0.29 (0.14 to 0.59) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | .007 | .002 | <.001 |
| LysoPC(18: 2) | 0.13 (0.07 to 0.24) | 0.16 (0.08 to 0.31) | 0.08 (0.03 to 0.25) | 0.24 (0.09 to 0.63) | 0.13 (0.06 to 0.30) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .004 | <.001 |
| Purine derivative | |||||
| Hypoxanthine | 0.29 (0.18 to 0.49) | 0.29 (0.17 to 0.50) | 0.18 (0.07 to 0.45) | 0.36 (0.17 to 0.80) | 0.29 (0.16 to 0.55) |
| P¶ | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | .01 | <.001 |
ORs for 242 fatal liver disease cases and 242 matched controls are scaled to compare the 90th to the 10th percentile of metabolite values (modeled on a continuous basis) based on the distribution in the controls; letting X90 and X10 denote the 90th percentile and 10th percentile in controls, and β denote the log(OR) from the conditional logistic regression model, the OR is eβ(X90−X10). CI = confidence interval; LysoPC = lysophosphatidylcholine; OR = odds ratio.
Models adjusted for entry age (years), body mass index (kg/m2), smoking intensity (cigarettes per day), smoking duration (years), alcohol intake (none, <11.6 g/day, ≥11.6 g/day, or missing), self-reported diabetes status (yes or no), education (≤ or > elementary education), and run order.
n = 228 (114 cases; 114 matched controls).
n = 256 (128 cases; 128 matched controls).
Models additionally adjusted for coffee intake (none, <1, 1 to <2, 2 to <3, or ≥3 cups [8 oz] per day), fruit and vegetable intake (g/1000 kcal), red meat intake (g/1000 kcal), white meat intake (g/1000 kcal), processed meat intake (g/1000 kcal), fish intake (g/1000 kcal), saturated fat intake (g/1000 kcal), energy intake (kcal); individuals with missing food frequency questionnaire data were grouped using an indicator variable for missing.
P value for χ2 test obtained from conditional logistic regression model for a given metabolite (modeled on a continuous basis); all tests were two-sided.