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. 2020 Feb 9;9(2):478. doi: 10.3390/jcm9020478

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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The result of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay from supernatant (A) and lysate (B). A: In the supernatant, there were significant differences among the four experimental groups (p = 0.0003). In the comparison between groups, the positive control group exhibited significantly lower ALP activity than the smooth and DED groups. B: In the lysate, ALP activity was lower in the DED group than in that in the positive control. (* p < 0.05). (ALP: alkaline phosphatase, DED: direct energy deposition).