Figure 5.

The mechanism of action of curcumin nanoformulations in Alzheimer’s disease [142,143,146,147]. Legend: p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor-κ B (NF-kB), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), activator protein-1 (AP-1), phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂), protein kinase B (PKB, also named Akt), β site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (β-secretase 1, BACE1).