Table 1.
The characteristics of included studies.
| Author, Year | Design | Country | Subjects (N) | Age | GDM Criteria | Comparison |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lowe, 2019 [13] (HAPO cohort) |
Prospective cohort study | Multinational | 4775 | 10–14 y | IADPSG | Continuous measures of maternal glucose levels |
| Lowe, 2019 [14] (HAPO cohort) |
Prospective cohort study | Multinational | 4775 | 10–14 y | IADPSG | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Scholtens, 2019 [15] (HAPO cohort) |
Prospective cohort study | Multinational | 4160 | 10–14 y | IADPSG | Continuous measures of maternal glucose levels |
| Lowe, 2018 [16] (HAPO cohort) |
Prospective cohort study | Multi-national | 4832 | 10–14 y | IADPSG | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Kaseva, 2018 [8] (ESTER and AYLS cohort) |
Prospective cohort study | Finland | 700 | 22–25 y | Finnish Diabetes Association | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Le Moullec, 2018 [17] (OBEGEST cohort) |
Prospective cohort study | France | 1251 | 5–7 y | C&C | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Grunnet, 2017 [18] (Danish National Birth Cohort) |
Prospective cohort study | Denmark | 1158 | 9–16 y | Self-report and the Danish National Patient Register | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Tam, 2017 [19] (HAPO cohort) |
Prospective cohort study | China | 926 | 7 y | IADPSG | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Bider-Canfield, 2017 [20] | Retrospective cohort study | US | 15,170 | 2 y | C&C | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Zhao, 2016 [21] | Cross-sectional | Multi-national | 4740 | 9–11 y | WHO 1999 and ADA | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Landon, 2015 [22] | Randomized controlled trial | US | 500 | 5–10 y | C&C | Treated OGDM vs. untreated OGDM |
| Kelstrup, 2013 [12] | Prospective cohort study | Denmark | 295 | 18–27 y | Local (Denmark)* | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Nehring, 2013 [23] (German Perinatal Prevention of Obesity cohort) |
Retrospective cohort study | Germany | 7355 | 5–6 y | ADA | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Regnault, 2013 [24] (Viva cohort) |
Prospective cohort study | US | 839 | 7–9 y | C&C | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Pham, 2013 [25] | Retrospective cohort study | US | 2093 | 2–4 y | Until April 2007: NDDGAfter April 2007: C&C | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Patel, 2012 [26] | Prospective cohort study | Great Britain | 4861 | 15–16 y | Questionnaire | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Boerschmann, 2010 [27] |
Prospective cohort study | Germany | 663 | 2 y, 8 y, 11 y | German Diabetes Association | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Tam, 2010 [28] | Prospective cohort study | China | 129 | 15 y | ADA | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Pirkola, 2010 [29] (Northern Finland Birth Cohort) |
Prospective cohort study | Finland | 4168 | 7 y, 16 y | Finnish Diabetes Association | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Gillman, 2010 [30] (ACHOIS cohort) |
Randomized controlled trial | Australia | 199 | 4–5 y | Local (Australia)** | Routine care control group vs. intervention group |
| Krishnaveni, 2010 [31] | Prospective cohort study | India | 416 | 5 y, 9 y | C&C | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Lawlor, 2010 [32] (ALSPAC cohort) |
Prospective cohort study | Great Britain | 6516 | 9–11 y | Medical records | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Clausen, 2009 [33] | Retrospective cohort study | Denmark | 296 | 18–27 y | Local (Denmark)* | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Vääräsmäki, 2009 [34] (Northern Finland Birth cohort) |
Prospective cohort study | Finland | 4004 | 16 y | Finnish Diabetes Association | OGDM vs. NGDM |
| Hillier, 2007 [35] | Prospective cohort study | US | 8152 | 5–7 y | C&C and NDDG | OGDM according to C&C criteria and OGDM according to NDGG criteria vs. NGDM |
| Gillman, 2003 [7] | Retrospective cohort study | US | 14,881 | 9–14 y | Interview | OGDM vs. NGDM |
GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; OGDM: offspring of mothers with gestational diabetes; NGDM: offspring of mothers with normal glucose tolerance during pregnancy; HAPO: Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregancy Outcome; ESTER: Maternal Pregnancy Disorders and Early-Life Programming of Adult Health and Disease; AYLS: Arvo Ylppö Longitudinal Study; OBEGEST: South Reunion Island cohort; ACHOIS: Australian Carbohydrate Intolerance Study in Pregnant Women; ALSPAC: Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; IADPSG: International Association of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group; C&C: Carpenter and Coustan; WHO: World Health Organization; ADA: American Diabetes Association; NDDG: National Diabetes Data Group. * Local (Denmark): Two of seven values exceeded the mean + 3SD values for a reference group of normal-weight nonpregnant women without a family history of diabetes [36]. ** Local (Australia): Fasting plasma glucose <7.8 mmoL/L (<140 mg/dL) and 2 h plasma glucose between 7.8 mmoL/L (140 mg/dL) and 11 mmoL/L (198 mg/dL) after a 2 h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test; VS: versus.