Table A2.
Publication bias analysis.
| Study (RCT) | Random sequence generation (selection bias) |
Allocation concealment (selection bias) |
Blinding of participants and personnel (performance bias) |
Blinding of outcome assessment (detection bias) |
Incomplete outcome data (attrition bias) |
Selective reporting (reporting bias) |
Other bias |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lanz et al. [SCOPE I] 2019 [14] | Low | Unclear | High | Low | Low | Low | Low | |
| Study (PS-matched studies) | Bias due to confounding | Bias in selection of participants into the study | Bias in measurement of interventions | Bias due to departures from intended interventions | Bias due to missing data | Bias in measurement of outcomes1 | Bias in selection of reported result | Overall bias |
| Barth S et al. 2019 [15] | Serious | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Moderate |
| Costa G et al. 2019 [16] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Moderate |
| Husser O et al. 2017 [17] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Moderate |
| Mauri V et al. 2017 [18] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Moderate |
| Scheafer A et al. 2017 [19] | Serious | Low | Low | Low | Low | Serious | Low | Moderate |
1 When multiple outcomes were reported for a study, the highest level of bias at the outcome level is reported in the table.