Table 2.
Objective to Study | Treatment | Duration | Results | PMID | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diabetic Nephropathy | Renoprotective effect of milk thistle extract on T2D patients with macroalbuminuria. |
n = 30; 3 × 140 mg silymarin n = 30; Placebo |
3 months | Significant decrease in UACR levels, urinary TNF-α and urinary and serum MDA in the silymarin group. | 22770926 NCT01003236 |
Effect of silymarin on glycemic control and body mass index in T2D patients with insulin resistance and poor glycemic control with oral hypoglycemic agents |
n = 18; 200 mg silymarin + 10 mg Glibenclamide n = 21; Placebo + 10mg Glibenclamide |
4 months | Silymarin treatment significantly reduced fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, HbA1c levels and body mass index. | 17887949 | |
Effects silymarin administration on the glycemic state in T2D patients. |
n = 25; 3 × 200 mg silymarin n = 26; Placebo |
4 months | Decreased significantly FBG, HbA1c, total cholesterol, LDL, triglyceride, GOT and GPT after treatment with silymarin. | 17072885 | |
Safety and effect of green tea (epigallocatechin gallate, EGCG) in patients with DN. |
n = 24; ACEi/ARBs + 800 mg EGCG n = 23; ACEi/ARBs + Placebo |
3 months | Treatment with green tea extract reduced UACR by 41%. | 27320846 NCT01923597 |
|
Effects of isolated soy protein consumption on urinary albumin excretion and blood lipid profile in early stages of DN. | n = 14; 0.5 g/kg/day of the dietary protein was provided as either isolated soy protein | 2 × 8 weeks | Soy protein consumption reduced UACR levels by 9,55%. | 15284369 | |
Efficacy of curcumin for blocking DN development in T2D patients (short time). | n = 14; 500 mg curcumin | 1 month | Curcumin attenuated microalbuminuria and reduced plasma MDA and LPS levels content. Maintaining gut barrier integrity and function. | 25875220 | |
Diabetic Retinopathy | Effects of pycnogenol in early stages of DR. |
n = 24; 150 mg pycnogenol n = 22; Placebo |
2 months | Visual improvement was subjectively perceived by 18 of 24 patients in the pycnogenol group. Significant improvement visual acuity from baseline. | 19916788 |
Evaluate long-term follow-up of the orally administered combination of flavonoids for treatment of diabetic cystoid macular edema without macular thickening. |
n = 35; 300 mg Diosmin, 15 mg C. asiatica 160 mg Melilotus n = 35; Placebo |
3 years | Retinal sensitivity reduced in control group only from month 6 until month 36. In the treatment group, a greater retinal sensitivity was present at month 12, 24, and 36. | 23844756 | |
Determine the relationship between dietary flavonoid-rich fruit and vegetable consumption on DM-related biomarkers and DR. | Data from 381 participants with DM from the NHANES 2003–2006. | - | Greater high-flavonoid fruit and vegetable consumption was associated with lower levels of CRP, HbA1c and glucose, with reducing the odds of having diabetic retinopathy by 30%. | 25055729 | |
Efficacy of anti-oxidant dietary supplementation reducing the ROS levels in patients with non-proliferative DR. |
n = 34; 50 mg pycnogenol, 30 mg Vit. E, 20 mg CoQ n = 34; Placebo |
6 M | In the group receiving antioxidant therapy the levels of free oxygen radicals and retinal thickness were significantly reduced over three times. Conversely, in the control group a significant increase was observed. | 25686055 | |
Diabetic Neuropathy | Efficacy and safety of QR-333 (quercetin, ascorbyl palmitate and vitamin D3) in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. |
n = 23; three topical applications QR-333 n = 11; Placebo |
1 M | QR-333 produced significant relief of some symptoms of diabetic neuropathy and was safe and well tolerated. | 16112498 NCT16112498 |
Cardiovascular complications | Effect of flavanol-rich chocolate in patients with hypertension. |
n = 20; Cross-over 100 mg Dark Chocolate (88 mg flavanols) 90 mg flavanol-free White Chocolate |
15 d per treatment | Dark chocolate decreased blood pressure and serum LDL cholesterol, improved FMD, and ameliorated insulin sensitivity in hypertensive patients. | 16027246 |
Evaluate whether regular ingestion of an unsweetened, strongly defatted and flavanol-rich cocoa powder might improve BP and glucose and lipid metabolism in stably treated T2D subjects. |
n = 17; Five × 0.5 g cocoa powder capsules n = 18; Placebo |
3 M | Daily intake of 2.5 g of flavanol-rich, unsweetened and strongly defatted cocoa powder does not affect BP, glucose and lipid metabolism in stably-treated patients with T2D and hypertension in a fasting state. | 30301127 | |
Effect of dietary flavonoids on CVD risk in postmenopausal women with T2D on established statin and hypoglycemic therapy. |
n = 59; 27 g flavonoid-enriched chocolate n= 59; Placebo |
12 M | Improvement in insulin sensitivity was observed. Reductions in total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol ratio and LDL cholesterol. Estimated 10 year total coronary heart disease risk was attenuated after flavonoid intervention. | 22250063 NCT00677599 |
|
Effect of combined isoflavone and flavan-3-ol intake on vascular function in postmenopausal women with T2D. | The flavonoid intervention did not significantly change the intima-media thickness of the common carotid artery, augmentation index, or BP, but pulse pressure variability improved. | ||||
Effect of oral Hesperidin supplementation in hemodynamic changes in T2D patients. |
n = 32; 500 mg Hesperidin n = 32; Placebo |
1.5 M | Significant difference in mean percent change of SBP, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial BP, serum TAC, and inflammatory markers between Hesperidin and control groups. | 29468764 | |
Association between the intake of total polyphenols and polyphenol classes with the major CV risk factors in a T2D population. TOSCA.IT study. | n = 2573 people with T2D | 10 years | A diet characterized by a higher intake of total polyphenols was associated with a better cardiovascular risk factors profile and a lower grade of subclinical inflammation. | 27890487 NCT00700856 |