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. 2020 Feb 19;9(2):561. doi: 10.3390/jcm9020561

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© 2020 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Immunomodulatory therapeutic targets in PAH. Schematic overview of (pre-)clinical targets for immunomodulatory therapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients. Pre-clinical animal PH model signs are mentioned in the legend in the bottom right corner. Interleukin (IL); transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β); bone morphogenetic protein (BMP); bone morphogenetic protein receptor type II (BMPR2); tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α); nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κβ,); Leukotriene A4/B4 (LTA4/B4). Janus kinases (JAK); signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (STAT); small mothers against decapentaplegic (SMAD); TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF); tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1-associated death domain (TRADD); receptor-interacting protein (RIP); inhibitor of κβ (Iκ-β); 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP); arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO).