Table 1.
Circulating cytokine/chemokine Levels in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.
| PAH | CTEPH | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Biomarker | Incident Patients |
Prevalent Patients |
Hemodynamic Correlation |
Prognosis | Etiology | Ref. | Prevalent Patients |
Hemodynamic Correlation |
Prognosis | Ref. |
| IL-1α | ↑[94] | ↑ | N/A | + | IPAH, HPAH | [94] | ||||
| IL-1β | ↑[94] | ↑ | − | + [94] | IPAH, HPAH, CHD-PAH |
[80,94] | ↑[98] | − | − | [21,96,98] |
| IL-2 | = | ↑ | − | − | PAH, HPAH | [80,94] | ↑ | − | − | [98] |
| IL-4 | = | ↑ | − | − | PAH, HPAH | [80,94] | ↑ | − | − | [98] |
| IL-5 | N/A | = | − | − | PAH, HPAH | [80] | = | − | − | [98] |
| IL-6 | ↑[94,95,99] | ↑ | + | + | IPAH, HPAH, CTD-PAH, CHD-PAH |
[80,94,95,99,100] | ↑[42,97] | + | + [97,98] | [21,42,95,97,98] |
| IL-8 | = | ↑ | − | + [80] | IPAH, HPAH, CTD-PAH, CHD-PAH |
[80,94,95,99,100] | ↑[42,97,98] | − | + [97,98] | [42,95,97,98] |
| IL-10 | = | ↑ | − | + [80] | IPAH, HPAH | [80,94] | ↑ | − | + [97,98] | [21,97,98] |
| IL-12 | = | ↑ | − | + [80] | IPAH, HPAH | [80,94] | = | − | − | [98] |
| IL-13 | = | = | − | + [94] | IPAH, HPAH | [80,94] | = | − | − | [98] |
| IFN-γ | = | = | − | − | IPAH, HPAH | [79,93] | = | − | − | [98] |
| TNF-α | ↑[94,95,99] | ↑ | N/A | + [94] | IPAH, HPAH, CTD-PAH, CHD-PAH |
[80,94,95,99,100] | = | − | + [96,97] | [95,96,97] |
| MMP-9 | ↑ | ↑ | + | + | PAH | [101] | ↑ | − | N/A | [21] |
| VEGF | = | ↑ | N/A | + [101] | IPAH, HPAH, CHD-PAH |
[80,94,100,101] | = | − | N/A | [21] |
| CCL-2 | = | ↑[33] | N/A | − | IPAH | [33,94] | ↑ | − | N/A | [21,42] |
| MIG | N/A | ↑ | − | N/A | IPAH | [42] | ↑ | − | N/A | [42] |
| CCL-3 | = | = | − | N/A | IPAH | [42] | ↑ | + | N/A | [21,42] |
| CXCL-10 | N/A | ↑ | − | N/A | IPAH | [42] | ↑ | + | N/A | [42] |
| CCL-5 | N/A | ↑ | − | N/A | IPAH, PAH | [42,102] | ↓ | − | N/A | [42] |
| CX3CL-1 | = | = | − | N/A | IPAH | [42] | = | − | N/A | [42] |
| CXCL-12 | = | = | − | N/A | IPAH | [42] | = | − | N/A | [42] |
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); idiopathic PAH (IPAH); hereditary PAH (HPAH); congenital heart disease-associated PAH (CHD-PAH); connective tissue disease-associated PAH (CTD-PAH); chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH); no significant differences (=); positive correlation (+); no significant correlation (−); not assessed (N/A); interleukin (IL); interferon gamma (IFN-γ); tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-α); matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9); vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); chemokine (CCL) (C-C motif) ligand; monokine-induced by interferon-γ (MIG); C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL); C-X3-C motif ligand (CX3CL).