Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population, according to MVPA level.
| Variable | Total (n = 650) |
No-MVPA (n = 246) |
MVPA-1 (n = 201) |
MVPA-2 (n = 203) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 52.6 ± 12.8 | 54.1 ± 11.8 | 51.9 ± 13.4 | 51.6 ± 13.3 | 0.08 |
| Male gender (%, n) | 56.3 (366) | 56.1 (138) | 55.7 (112) | 57.1 (116) | 0.96 |
| Current smoking (%, n) | 12.3 (80) | 15.3 (36) | 12.4 (25) | 9.5 (19) | 0.20 |
| Occupational status: Employed * (%, n) |
49.5 (322) | 44.7 (110) | 51.2 (103) | 53.7 (109) | 0.14 |
| Alcohol use (g/day) | 2.61 (0.1–11.1) | 1.45 (0.1–9.7) | 2.51 (0.1–9.7) | 3.95 (0.1–14.1) | 0.01 |
| Total energy intake (kcal/d) | 2174.9 ± 640.7 | 2114.7± 720.4 | 2247.5 ± 598.7 | 2173.2 ± 573.9 | 0.11 |
| Non-occupational MVPA (min/week) | 90 (0–240) | 0 | 120 (60–150) | 360 (260–540) | − |
| Anthropometric measures | |||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.7 ± 4.84 | 27.9 ± 5.49 | 25.7 ± 4.26 | 26.1 ± 4.23 | 0.001 |
| Waist circumference, men (cm) | 101.1 ± 13.4 | 104.0 ± 13.7 | 98.9 ± 13.5 | 99.7 ± 12.4 | 0.01 |
| Waist circumference, women (cm) | 95.0 ± 15.8 | 99.7 ± 12.4 | 91.5 ± 14.6 | 93.1 ± 14.1 | 0.01 |
| Creatinine excretion (mmol/24h) | 11.7 ± 3.49 | 11.2 ± 3.80 | 11.8 ± 3.29 | 12.2 ± 3.23 | 0.01 |
| Lipids and blood pressure | |||||
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.14 ± 1.11 | 5.18 ± 1.18 | 5.17 ± 1.10 | 5.07 ± 1.02 | 0.48 |
| Triglyceride (mmol/L) | 1.68 (1.2–2.33) | 1.85 (1.3–2.6) | 1.67 (1.2–2.4) | 1.59 (1.2–2.05) | 0.001 |
| HDL-C in men (mmol/L) | 1.27 ± 0.41 | 1.23 ± 0.41 | 1.27 ± 0.36 | 1.32 ± 0.45 | 0.21 |
| HDL-C in women (mmol/L) | 1.56 ± 0.51 | 1.39 ± 0.43 | 1.62 ± 0.54 | 1.70 ± 0.53 | 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 136.2 ± 17.3 | 138.3 ± 18.5 | 135.6 ± 16.7 | 134.2 ± 16.3 | 0.04 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 82.8 ± 10.9 | 83.1 ± 11.2 | 82.5 ± 11.3 | 82.6 ± 10.3 | 0.77 |
| Cardiovascular medication use | |||||
| Antihypertensive (%, n) | 88 (572) | 92.7 (228) | 81.1 (163) | 89.2 (181) | 0.001 |
| A2 antagonist (%, n) | 14.8 (96) | 15.4 (38) | 12.9 (26) | 15.8 (32) | 0.68 |
| ACE inhibitor (%, n) | 32.2 (209) | 32.1 (79) | 30.3 (61) | 34.0 (69) | 0.74 |
| RAAS blockers (%, n) | 47.8 (311) | 49.2 (121) | 44.8 (90) | 49.3 (100) | 0.58 |
| Beta-blockers (%, n) | 63.2 (411) | 63.4 (156) | 62.2 (125) | 64.0 (130) | 0.93 |
| Calcium channel blockers (%, n) | 24.5 (159) | 26.0 (64) | 20.4 (41) | 26.6 (54) | 0.27 |
| Diuretics (%, n) | 40.0 (260) | 52.0 (128) | 27.4 (50) | 37.9 (77) | 0.001 |
| Vitamin K antagonist (%, n) | 11.4 (74) | 13 (32) | 10.4 (21) | 10.3 (21) | 0.60 |
| mTOR inhibitor (%, n) | 1.8 (12) | 3.3 (8) | 1 (2) | 1 (2) | 0.60 |
| Anti-diabetic drugs (%, n) | 14.8 (96) | 18.7 (46) | 14.4 (29) | 10.3 (21) | 0.045 |
| Statin (%, n) | 51.8 (337) | 54.9 (135) | 52.7 (106) | 47.3 (96) | 0.27 |
| Glucose metabolism | |||||
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.67 ± 1.82 | 5.78 ± 192 | 5.76 ± 2.13 | 5.46 ± 1.28 | 0.13 |
| Heamoglobin A1C (%) | 5.94 ± 0.78 | 6.03 ± 0.77 | 5.94 ± 0.90 | 5.83 ± 0.65 | 0.021 |
| Kidney function | |||||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2) | 52.0 ± 20.2 | 49.9 ± 22.1 | 53.8 ± 18.7 | 52.9 ± 18.8 | 0.09 |
| Albumin excretion (mg/24h) | 267.3 ± 734.6 | 307.2 ± 777.5 | 175.1 ± 378.5 | 308.7 ± 917.5 | 0.11 |
| Proteinuria (%, n) | 21.5 (140) | 28.0 (69) | 16.9 (34) | 18.2 (37) | 0.01 |
| Primary renal disease (%, n) | 0.01 | ||||
| Glomerulosclerosis | 28.8 (187) | 30.1 (74) | 28.4 (57) | 27.6 (56) | |
| Glomerulonephritis | 7.7 (50) | 5.7 (14) | 8.0 (16) | 9.9 (20) | |
| Tubulointerstitial nephritis | 11.8 (77) | 9.8 (24) | 12.9 (26) | 13.3 (27) | |
| Polycystic kidney disease | 20.9 (136) | 20.7 (51) | 19.9 (40) | 22.2 (45) | |
| Renal hypodysplasia | 3.5 (23) | 4.1 (10) | 3.0 (6) | 3.4 (7) | |
| Renavascular diseases | 5.7 (37) | 7.7 (19) | 4.0 (8) | 4.9 (10) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 4.6 (30) | 6.5 (16) | 5.5 (11) | 1.5 (3) | |
| Others | 16.9 (110) | 15.4 (38) | 18.4 (37) | 17.2 (35) | |
| Duration of dialysis before the transplantation (months) | 25 (8–48) | 29 (11–51) | 19 (4–49) | 25 (9–43) | 0.51 |
| Transplant characteristics | |||||
| Transplant vintage (months) | 14.0 (2.0–39.5) | 17.0 (2.0–41.0) | 12.0 (2.0–44.8) | 16.0 (0.5–41.0) | 0.49 |
| Cold ischemia time (h) | 15.2 (2.8–21.1) | 16.4 (3.6–22.0) | 15.1 (2.6–21.3) | 13.6 (2.5–20.5) | 0.10 |
| Living donor (%, n) | 34.8 (226) | 26.4 (65) | 37.3 (75) | 42.4 (86) | 0.001 |
| Pre-emptive transplant (%, n) | 16.6 (108) | 13.4 (33) | 20.9 (42) | 16.3 (33) | 0.11 |
| Acute rejection | 27.2 (177) | 27.2 (67) | 27.9 (56) | 26.6 (54) | 0.96 |
| Immunosuppressive medication | |||||
| Calcineurin inhibitor (%, n) | 58.3 (379) | 59.8 (147) | 59.2 (119) | 55.7 (113) | 0.52 |
| Proliferation inhibitor (%, n) | 82.6 (537) | 80.1 (197) | 84.1 (169) | 84.2 (171) | 0.62 |
| Prednisolone dose (mg) | 10.0 (7.5–10.0) | 10.0 (7.5–10.0) | 10.0 (7.5–10.0) | 10.0 (7.5–10.0) | 0.48 |
Data are presented as mean ± SD or median (interquartile range) and percentage (%, number). MVPA = moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, HDL-C = high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate, A2 = angiotensin 2, ACE = angiotensin-converting-enzyme, RAAS = renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, mTOR = mammalian target of rapamycin. * the number of patients that do have employment.