Table 1.
Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics in 259 ESRD patients according to the presence of AVC score.
| AVC = 0 | AVC > 0 | p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 159, 61%) | (n = 100, 39%) | ||
| Demography and clinical characteristics | |||
| Age, years | 47 (32–58) | 64 (56–72) | <0.001 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 101 (64) | 73 (73) | 0.11 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 17 (11) | 30 (30) | <0.001 |
| CVD, n (%) | 23 (15) | 30 (30) | 0.003 |
| Smoker, n (%) | 9 (6) | 13 (13) | 0.04 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 142 (129–153) | 145 (132–162) | 0.11 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 85 (76–92) | 80 (75–90) | 0.14 |
| FRS, % | 7.9 (3.2–17.1) | 26.4 (15.0–40.8) | <0.001 |
| Treatment modality | 0.04 | ||
| Non-dialysis | 89 (56%) | 50 (50%) | |
| Peritoneal dialysis | 44 (28%) | 41 (41%) | |
| Haemodialysis | 26 (16%) | 9 (9%) | |
| Nutritional status | |||
| Malnutrition (SGA>1) | 53 (33%) | 35 (35%) | 0.78 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.5 (22.1–26.5) | 25.4 (23.4–29.1) | 0.008 |
| HGS, % of normal | 93 (73–108) | 74 (61–86) | <0.001 |
| Biochemical markers | |||
| Haemoglobin, g/L | 113 (105–121) | 113 (104–121) | 0.68 |
| Albumin, g/L | 35 (32–38) | 32 (28–36) | <0.001 |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.3 (1.1–1.6) | 1.2 (1.0–1.6) | 0.13 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.4 (1.0–2.0) | 1.6 (1.3–2.2) | 0.02 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.6 (3.9–5.3) | 4.5 (3.6–5.2) | 0.46 |
| Calcium, mmol/L | 2.3 (2.2–2.4) | 2.3 (2.2–2.4) | 0.44 |
| Phosphate, mmol/L | 1.7 (1.4–2.1) | 1.8 (1.5–2.1) | 0.31 |
| iPTH, ng/L | 255 (170–430) | 292 (179–450) | 0.42 |
| Inflammatory markers | |||
| hsCRP, mg/L | 1.2 (0.5–3.2) | 2.9 (1.0–7.8) | <0.001 |
| IL-6, pg/mL | 2.0 (0.8–4.9) | 5.4 (3.3–9.1) | <0.001 |
| AVC and CAC | |||
| AVC score, AU | 0 | 90 (21–242) | <0.001 |
| CAC score, AU | 3 (0–165) | 875 (328–2058) | <0.001 |
| Others | |||
| AGEs, AU | 3.1 (2.6–3.4) | 3.5 (2.9–3.9) | <0.001 |
| AIx, % | 20.9 (13.3–28.2) | 26.3 (20.0–32.0) | <0.001 |
| Medications | |||
| Ca-Blocker, n (%) | 76 (48) | 55 (55) | 0.26 |
| Beta-Blocker, n (%) | 90 (57) | 79 (79) | <0.001 |
| ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 105 (66) | 62 (62) | 0.51 |
| Statin, n (%) | 46 (29) | 49 (49) | 0.001 |
Data are presented as median (IQR, interquartile range) for continuous measures and n (%) for categorical measures. Abbreviations: ESRD, end-stage renal disease; AVC, aortic valve calcium; CVD, cardiovascular disease; BP, blood pressure; FRS, Framingham CVD risk score; SGA, subjective global assessment; BMI, body mass index; %HGS, hand grip strength, converted to % of sex-matched healthy controls; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; iPTH, intact parathyroid hormone; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin-6; AU, Agatston units; CAC, coronary artery calcium; AGEs, advanced glycation end products; AIx (%), augmentation index; ACEi/ARB, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker.