Table 2.
Concentration, baricity, doses and adjuvants of study drugs (n = 39).
| Study | Sample Size | LDC a | Control | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| LDC | Control | Concentration | Baricity | Dose | Added | Type | Concentration | Baricity | Dose | Added | |
| Ali 2015 | 25 | 25 | 0.6% | Hypobaric | 20 mg | FTN b 25 µg | Bupivacaine | 0.375% | Hyperbaric | 3 mg | FTN b 10 µg |
| Aouad 2001 | 100 | 100 | 5% | Hyperbaric | 75 mg | - | Bupivacaine | 0.75% | Hyperbaric | 12 mg | - |
| Beilin 2003 | 29 | 30 | 1% | Isobaric | 30 mg | FTN b 20 µg | Bupivacaine | 0.175% | Hyperbaric | 5.25 mg | FTN b 20 µg |
| Breebaart 2003 | 30 | G1: 30 G2: 30 |
2% | Isobaric | 60 mg | - | G1: Levobupivacaine G2: Ropivacaine |
G1: 0.33% G2: 0.5% |
G1:Isobaric G2:Isobaric |
G1: 10 mg G2: 15 mg |
- |
| Breebaart 2014 | 50 | 50 | 1.5% | Isobaric | 60 mg | - | Chloroprocaine | 1% | Isobaric | 40 mg | - |
| Buckenmaier 2003 | 37 | 35 | 2.5% | Hyperbaric | 25 mg | FTN b 20 µg | Ropivacaine | 0.5% | Hyperbaric | 4 mg | FTN b 20 µg |
| Casati 2007 | 15 | 15 | 1% | Isobaric | 50 mg | - | Chloroprocaine | 1% | Isobaric | 50 mg | |
| de Santiago 2009 | 26 | 26 | 0.3% | Hypobaric | 10 mg | FTN b 10 µg | Levobupivacaine | 0.1% | Hypobaric | 3 mg | FTN b 10 µg |
| de Santiago 2010 | 30 | 30 | 0.6% | Hypobaric | 18 mg | FTN b 10 µg | Levobupivacaine | 0.5% | Hypobaric | 3 mg | FTN b 10 µg |
| de Weert 2000 | 35 | 34 | 2% | Isobaric | 80 mg | - | Prilocaine | 2% | Isobaric | 80 mg | - |
| Etezadi 2013 | 125 | 125 | 5% | Hyperbaric | 75–100 mg | - | Bupivacaine | 0.5% | Isobaric | 12.5–15 mg | - |
| Fanelli 2009 | 15 | 15 | 1% | Isobaric | 50 mg | - | Ropivacaine | 0.5% | Isobaric | 10 mg | - |
| Gozdemir 2010 | 30 | 30 | 2% | Isobaric | 80 mg | - | Levobupivacaine | 0.5% | Isobaric | 20 mg | - |
| Gozdemir 2016 | 100 | G1: 100 G2: 100 G3: 100 |
2% | Isobaric | 60 mg | - | G1: Levobupivacaine G2: Bupivacaine G3: Articaine |
G1: 0.5% G2: 0.5% G3: 2% |
G1: Isobaric G2: Isobaric G3: Isobaric |
G1: 15 mg G2: 15 mg G3: 60 mg |
- |
| Hampl 1995 | G1: 15 G2: 13 |
16 |
G1:5% (7.5% dextrose) G2:5% (2.7% dextrose) |
G1:Hyperbaric G2: Hyperbaric |
G1:75 mg G2: 75 mg |
- | Bupivacaine | 0.5% | Hyperbaric | 7.5 mg | - |
| Hampl 1998 | 30 | G1: 30 G2: 30 |
2% | Hyperbaric | 50 mg | - | G1: Prilocaine G2: Bupivacaine |
G1: 2% G2: 0.5% |
G1: Hyperbaric G2: Hyperbaric |
G1: 50 mg G2:12.5 mg |
- |
| Hodgson 2000 | 35 | 35 | 2.5% | Hyperbaric | 50 mg | - | Procaine | 5% | Hyperbaric | 100 mg | |
| Imbelloni 2010 | 75 | 75 | 0.6% | Hypobaric | 18 mg | - | Bupivacaine | 0.15% | Hypobaric | 4.5 mg | - |
| Keld 2000 | 35 | 34 | 5% | Hyperbaric | 100 mg | - | Bupivacaine | 0.5% | Hyperbaric | 12.5 mg | - |
| Khant 2017 | 498 | 492 | 3.125% | Not described | 25 mg | Butorphanol 0.3 mg |
Bupivacaine | 0.5% | Not described | 5 mg | - |
| Kyokong 2001 | 71 | 71 | 5% | Hyperbaric | 60 mg | MPc 0.2 mg EPId 0.1 mg |
Bupivacaine | 0.5% | Hyperbaric | 11 mg | MPc 0.2 mg |
| Le Truong 2001 | 29 | 25 | 5% | Hyperbaric | 100 mg | - | Procaine | 5% | Isobaric | 100 mg | - |
| Liguori 1998 | 27 | 30 | 2% | Not described | 60 mg | - | Mepivacaine | 1.5% | Not described | 45 mg | - |
| Maliachi 1999 | 20 | 20 | 5% | Not described | 1 mg/kg | - | Bupivacaine | 0.5% | Not described | 7–15 mg | - |
| Martin 2005 | 40 | 40 | 1.5% | Not described | 45 mg | - | Prilocaine | 1.5% | Not described | 45 mg | - |
| Martinez 1998 | 98 | 100 | 5% | Hyperbaric | 67.7 ± 8.7 mg | - | Prilocaine | 5% | Hyperbaric | 68.6±9.7 mg | - |
| Mulroy 1999 | 32 | G1: 23 G2: 43 G3: 42 |
2.5% | Hyperbaric | 100 mg | - | Sameridine | Not described | Isobaric | G1: 15 mg G2: 20 mg G3: 23 mg |
- |
| Orozco 2006 | 109 | 97 | 5% | Not described | Not described | - | Bupivacaine | 0.5% | Not described | Not described | - |
| Ostgaard 2000 | 49 | 50 | 2% | Isobaric | 80 mg | - | Prilocaine | 2% | Isobaric | 80 mg | - |
| Pawlowski 2012 | 41 | 38 | 2% | Isobaric | 80 mg | - | Mepivacaine | 2% | Isobaric | 80 mg | - |
| Philip 2001 | 29 | 28 | 5% | Hyperbaric | 60–80 mg | - | Bupivacaine | 0.75% | Hyperbaric | 10.5–12 mg | - |
| Pollock 1996 | G1:51 G2:51 |
50 |
G1: 5% G2: 2% |
Hyperbaric or isobaric |
60 or 75 mg | EPI d or none | Bupivacaine | 0.75% | Hyperbaric | 7.5 or 9 mg | - |
| Pradhan 2010 | 26 | 26 | 5% | Hyperbaric | 75 mg | - | Bupivacaine | 0.5% | Hyperbaric | 12.5 mg | - |
| Punj 2013 | G1:20 G2:20 |
G1: 20 G2: 20 |
G1: 5% G2: 2.5% |
Hyperbaric | Not described | - | Bupivacaine | G1: 0.5% G2: 0.25% |
Hyperbaric | G1: 10 mg G2: 5 mg |
- |
| Salazar 2001 | 40 | 40 | 2% | Isobaric | 40–60 mg | - | Mepivacaine | 2% | Isobaric | 40–60 mg | - |
| Salmela 1998 | 30 | G1:30 G2: 30 |
2.5% | Hyperbaric | 60–100 mg | - | G1: Mepivacaine G2: Bupivacaine |
G1: 4% G2: 0.5% |
G1: Hyperbaric G2: Hyperbaric |
G1:40–80 mg G2:7.5–17 mg |
- |
| Teunkens 2016 | 28 | G1: 30 G2: 34 |
1% | Isobaric | 40 mg | - | G1: Chloroprocaine G2: Bupivacaine |
G1: 1% G2: 0.5% |
G1: Isobaric G2: Isobaric |
G1: 40 mg G2: 7.5 mg |
|
| Vaghadia 2012 | 20 | 20 | 1.75% | Not described | 35 mg | FTN b 12.5 µg | Chloroprocaine | 1.77% | Isobaric | 40 mg | FTN b 12.5 µg |
| Yea 1998 | 30 | 30 | 1.5% | Hyperbaric | 75 mg | - | Mepivacaine | 2% | Hyperbaric | - | |
Abbreviations: a LDC = Lidocaine; b FTN = Fentanyl; c MP = Morphine; d EPI = Epinephrine.