Table 1.
Major published observational clinical studies reporting the effects of single hemodialysis treatment on the immune system.
| Reference | Study Design | Patients | Endpoints | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Innate Immunity | ||||
| Craddock PR, 1977 | Observational prospective | 34 hemodialysis patients with leukopenia during hemodialysis sessions | Detection of mechanisms for acute pulmonary dysfunction reported in the first hour of hemodialysis with cellophane membranes | 15/34 had impaired pulmonary function with transient neutropenia and reduction of monocytes during the first hour of hemodialysis sessions with activation of C3 and factor B |
| Mares J, 2010 | Observational prospective | 16 hemodialysis patients with polysulfone dialyzers | Leukocyte counts and complement components levels were monitored during hemodialysis in serum and equates | C3c, ficolin-2, mannan-binding lectin serine proteases, and properdin were enriched in equates and decreased in serum. |
| Poppelaars F, 2018 | Observational prospective | 55 hemodialysis patients | To correlate cardiovascular event with plasma levels of MBL, properdin, and C3d/C3 ratio | Lower levels of MBL and properdin in patient cardiovascular events |
| Adaptive Immunity | ||||
| Borges A, 2011 | Cross-sectional | 47 hemodialysis patients (12 evaluated before and after hemodialysis sessions) | Characterization of T lymphocyte phenotype and apoptosis | The hemodialysis procedure contributed to the development of T-cell lymphopenia, at least in part, by apoptosis induction of CD8+ T cells |
| Martinez-Miguel P, 2014 | Observational prospective | 30 hemodialysis patients with high-flux polymers | To evaluate monocyte activation | No change after a single hemodialysis treatment |
| Almeida A, 2015 | Observational prospective | 17 hemodialysis and diabetic patients | To assess the expression of T cell activation markers and quantify inflammatory cytokines before and after a single hemodialysis session | CD25+ cells and CD8+ CD25+ increased significantly, while CD69 T cells and CD4+ CD25+ significantly decreased after the hemodialysis session |
| Lisowska KA, 2019 | Observational prospective | 14 hemodialysis patients | To investigate the effect of the single hemodialysis session on T lymphocyte subsets | Increased CD4+/CD8+ ratio as a consequence of the reduction of CD8+ T |
| Mai K, 2019 | Observational prospective | 15 ESRD patients receiving hemodialysis treatment before renal transplant | Alterations of adaptive immune response to polynephron membrane | During the first hour there was an increase in CD4+ T cells and activated CD4+ HLA-DR+ T cells, with a decrease of CD8+ T cells and CD8+ HLA-DR+ T cells |
ESRD, end stage renal disease; MBL, mannose binding leptin.