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. 2020 Jan 29;11(2):138. doi: 10.3390/genes11020138

Figure 1.

Figure 1

DNA damage bypass pathways and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) modifications. (A) The translesion synthesis pathway involves nucleotide incorporation using the damaged DNA as a template. The template switching pathway involves the formation and extension of the chicken foot intermediate. (B) Mono-ubiquitylation of PCNA by Rad6–Rad18 promotes translesion synthesis, and poly-ubiquitylation of PCNA by Ubc13–Mms2–Rad5 promotes template switching. (C) Translesion synthesis involves non-canonical polymerases such as pol η, pol ζ, and Rev1.