Table 1.
Summary of the antiglaucoma drug delivery systems in different stages of development.
| Drug delivery system | Drug | Material | Placement location | Current stage of development | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ocular inserts | |||||
| Pilocarpine ocular inserts | Pilocarpine | Soluble collagen biomatrix | Conjunctival cul-de-sac | Clinical | Bensinger and colleagues9 |
| Soluble ocular drug insert | Pilocarpine | Polyacrylamide, ethyl acrylate, and vinyl pyrrolidone | Inferior cul-de-sac | Clinical | Maichuk10 |
| Ocusert | Pilocarpine | Di-(ethylhexyl)phthalate, ethylene-vinyl acetate | Conjunctival cul-de-sac | Clinical | Armaly and Rao11 |
| Poly(vinyl methyl ether-maleic anhydride)anhydride | Timolol | Poly (vinyl methyl ether-maleic anhydride) anhydride (PVMMA) and its alkyl monoesters | Conjunctival cul-de-sac | Clinical | Finne and colleagues15 |
| Collagen shield | Pilocarpine | Collagen matrix with titanium dioxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) | Ocular surface | Preclinical | Agban and colleagues 18 |
| Ocufit SR | Various | Silicon elastomer | Conjunctival cul-de-sac/fornix | Clinical | Katz and Blackman19 |
| Minidisc | Various | Hydroxyethyl methacrylate, ethylene glycol methacrylate | Under the eyelid | Phase I clinical trial | Kumari and colleagues8 |
| New ophthalmic delivery system | Pilocarpine | Polyvinyl alcohol | Lower conjunctival sac | Phase I clinical trial | Greaves and colleagues21 |
| Topical bimatoprost ocular insert | Bimatoprost | Silicone matrix, polypropylene | Conjunctival cul-de-sac/fornix | Phase II clinical trial | De Souza and colleagues23 |
| Therapeutic contact lens | |||||
| Soak and release | Pilocarpine | Vinyl pyrrollidone | Ocular surface | Clinical | Hillman31 |
| Microemulsions | Timolol | Octadecyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS)/ethyl butyrate and Pluronic F127 | Ocular surface | Preclinical | Gulsen and Chauhan32 and Li and colleagues33 |
| Vitamin E | Timolol | Vitamin E | Ocular surface | Preclinical | Peng and colleagues27 |
| Film impregnation in contact lens | Latanoprost | Methafilcon | Ocular surface | Preclinical | Ciolino and colleagues34 |
| Enzyme triggered | Timolol | Nanodiamond–nanogel | Ocular surface | Preclinical | Kim and colleagues35 |
| Intraocular implants | |||||
| Intravitreal | Brimonidine | NOVADUR-poly(D, L) sustained lactide-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) | Vitreous humor | Phase III Clinical Trial | ClinicalTrials.gov36 |
| Subconjunctival inserts | Latanoprost | – | Subconjunctival space | Phase IIa clinical trial | ClinicalTrials.gov37 |
| PCL-PEG inserts | Timolol | Poly(lactide)/poly(ε-caprolactone) (PLC) and poly(ε-caprolactone)/poly(ethylene glycol) (PLC/PCL-PEG) | Subconjunctival space | Preclinical | Ng and colleagues38 |
| AP-PCL inserts | Brimonidine | Alkoxylphenacyl-based polycarbonates, polycaprolactone | Subconjunctival space | Preclinical | Manickavasagam and colleagues39 |
| Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) | Various | Subconjunctival space | Preclinical | Saati and colleagues40 | |
| Liposomes | Latanoprost | Egg-phosphatidylcholine | Ocular surface | Preclinical | Venkatraman and colleagues41 |
| Polymeric nanoparticles | |||||
| Chitosan | Betaxolol | 2-Amino-2-doexy-beta-D-glucan | Ocular surface | Preclinical | Li and colleagues46 |
| Chitosan | Timolol | 2-Amino-2-doexy-beta-D-glucan | Ocular surface | Preclinical | Zhao and colleagues47 |
| Chitosan | Timolol | 2-Amino-2-doexy-beta-D-glucan, borneol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) | Ocular surface—contact lens | Preclinical | Mehta and colleagues48 |
| Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) | Brinzolamide | 1,4-Dioxane-2,5-diones of glycolic acid and lactic acid | Subconjunctival space | Preclinical | Salama and colleagues50 |
| Polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) | Forskolin | 1,4-Dioxane-2,5-diones of glycolic acid and lactic acid | Subconjunctival space | Preclinical | Khan and colleagues51 and Caprioli and Sears52 |
| Gelatin | Timolol | Gelatin | Ocular surface | Preclinical | Shokry and colleagues53 |
| Silica mesoporous | Pilocarpine | Silica mesoporous polymer with gelatin coating | Ocular surface | Preclinical | Liao and colleagues54 |
| PGT nanoparticles | Timolol | Propoxylated glyceryl triacylate | Ocular surface—contact lens | Preclinical | Jung and colleagues55 |
| PGT-EGDMA | Timolol | propoxylated glyceryl triacylate (PGT) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) | Ocular surface | Preclinical | Jung and Chauhan56 |
| Nano/microspheres | |||||
| Polylactic acid (PLA) microspheres | Brimonidine | PLA | Ocular surface | Preclinical | Uchida58 |
| OHR1031 | OHR1031 | Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) polymer solvent | Ocular surface | Preclinical | Chiang and colleagues59 |
| SoliDrop | Brimonidine | – | Ocular surface | Preclinical | Malavia and colleagues60 |
| Injectable systems | |||||
| ENV515/PGA or travoprost XR | Travoprost | – | Iridocorneal angle | Phase II clinical trial | Bao and colleagues64 |
| Bimatoprost SR | Bimatoprost | – | Ocular surface | Phase III clinical trial | ClinicalTrials.gov65 |
| Graybug | Various | – | Subconjunctival space | Preclinical | Allergan66 |
| Punctal plugs | |||||
| OTX-TP | Travoprost | Polyethylene glycol–based hydrogel with loaded PLA | Puncta | Phase II clinical trial | Hoang and colleagues68 |
| Evolute | Latanoprost | – | Puncta | Phase II clinical trial | Perera and colleagues70 |
| Latanoprost Punctal Plug Delivery System (L-PPDS) | Latanoprost | – | Puncta | Phase II clinical trial | Goldberg and Williams71 |
| Pentablock copolymer gels | |||||
| DuraSite ISV-215 | Bimatoprost | – | Ocular surface | Preclinical | Utkhede and William72 |
| Microneedles | |||||
| Clearside microneedles | Various | Metal/polymer | Supraciliary space | Preclinical | Shafiee and colleagues74 |
AP-PCL, alkoxylphenacyl-based polycarbonate copolymers in combination with polycaprolactone; PGA, polyglycolic acid.