Table 4.
Association of pre-pregnancy and pregnancy exercise with study outcomes at post-natal follow-up.
| Outcome | Overall Analysis a | Sub-Group Analysis a | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Control (n = 196) Reference |
Exercise (n = 209) |
Previously Inactive, no Intervention (n = 165) Reference |
Previously Active, Intervention (n = 40) |
Previously Active, no Intervention (n = 31) |
Previously Inactive, Intervention (n = 169) |
|||||||
| Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) b | Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95%CI) b | Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) b | Crude OR (95% CI) |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) b | |||||
| Mother | ||||||||||||
| Return to pre-pregnancy weight within 6 months | [1] | 1.58 (0.98–2.55) p = 0.059 |
2.37
(1.26–4.54) p = 0.007 |
[1] | 1.07 (0.48–2.38) p = 0.875 |
1.37 (0.45–4.11) p = 0.580 |
0.89 (0.32–2.48) p = 0.822 |
0.63 (0.17–2.32) p = 0.483 |
1.71
(1.01–2.89) p = 0.045 |
2.44
(1.25–4.75) p = 0.009 |
||
| Overweight/obesity | [1] | 0.80 (0.53–1.22) p = 0.307 |
0.57 (0.28–1.19) p = 0.136 |
[1] | 0.48 (0.21–0.10) p = 0.083 |
0.88 (0.21–3.73) p = 0.862 |
0.92 (0.40–2.10) p = 0.845 |
1.83 (0.54–6.17) p = 0.332 |
0.88 (0.56–1.39) p = 0.585 |
0.67 (0.21–1.35) p = 0.219 |
||
| Hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg) | [1] | 0.44 (0.13–1.51) p = 0.192 |
0.97 (0.12–7.74) p = 0.976 |
[1] | − | − | 0.88 (0.10–7.59) p = 0.904 |
4.59 (0.20–108.13) p = 0.345 |
0.54 (0.15–1.90) p = 0.335 |
1.57 (0.15–16.17) p = 0.704 |
||
| Hypertension (≥130/80 mmHg) | [1] | 0.58 (0.32, 1.07) p = 0.083 |
0.75 (0.35, 1.60) p = 0.454 |
[1] | 0.25 (0.06, 1.14) p = 0.073 |
0.30 (0.05, 1.72) p = 0.177 |
0.89 (0.27, 2.96) p = 0.848 |
0.67 (0.15, 2.95) p = 0.601 |
0.66 (0.34, 1.26) p = 0.207 |
0.78 (0.35, 1.76) p = 0.551 |
||
| Cardiometabolic conditions | [1] |
0.19
(0.06–0.58) p = 0.003 |
0.27
(0.08–0.95) p = 0.041 |
[1] | 0.24 (0.03–1.89) p = 0.177 |
0.64 (0.06–6.47) p = 0.708 |
0.64 (0.14–.93) p = 0.563 |
0.29 (0.03–2.70) p = 0.280 |
0.17
(0.05–0.59) p = 0.005 |
0.19
(0.05–0.76) p = 0.020 |
||
| Child | ||||||||||||
| Overweight/obesity at 1 year | [1] |
0.31
(0.15–0.62) p = 0.001 |
0.20
(0.06–0.63) p = 0.007 |
[1] | 0.34 (0.10–1.22) p = 0.099 |
0.37 (0.06–2.13) p = 0.265 |
0.30 (0.07–1.37) p = 0.121 |
− |
0.25
(0.12–0.55) p < 0.001 |
0.06
(0.01–0.30) p = 0.001 |
||
| Overweight/obesity at the end of follow-up | [1] | 0.89 (0.50–1.59) p = 0.702 |
0.57 (0.23–1.38) p = 0.210 |
[1] | 0.61 (0.20–1.90) p = 0.396 |
0.39 (0.08–1.85) p = 0.235 |
0.56 (0.16–1.99) p = 0.366 |
0.97 (0.17–5.54) p = 0.969 |
0.87 (0.47–1.62) p = 0.667 |
0.61 (0.23–1.59) p = 0.310 |
||
| Low weight at 1 year | [1] | 2.68 (0.28–26.04) p = 0.397 |
− | [1] | − | − | − | − | − | − | ||
| Low weight at the end of follow-up | [1] | 1.16 (0.54–2.50) p = 0.702 |
0.41 (0.12–1.44) p = 0.166 |
[1] | 0.39 (0.05–3.19) p = 0.383 |
0.22 (0.02–2.63) p = 0.234 |
1.58 (0.40–6.15) p = 0.513 |
1.00 (0.08–12.28) p = 1.000 |
1.49 (0.64–3.44) p = 0.352 |
0.47 (0.12–1.79) p = 0.268 |
||
| Cardiometabolic conditions at the end of follow-up | [1] | 1.11 (0.37–3.36) p = 0.856 |
0.55 (0.11–2.68) p = 0.455 |
[1] | 0.86 (0.10–7.58) p = 0.892 |
1.45 (0.09–23.06) p = 0.792 |
1.06 (0.12–9.40) p = 0.958 |
− | 1.18 (0.35-3.94) p = 0.790 |
0.39 (0.07–2.23) p = 0.287 |
||
Data are odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Significant associations (p < 0.05) are in bold. Participants were placed in the four subgroups based on their previous exercise habits and group assignment in randomized controlled trial (RCT) during pregnancy (intervention (exercise)/control), with women considered to be “previously active” if they reported in the first prenatal visit having exercised on three or more days per week during the previous year, or to be “previously inactive” otherwise [19]. Except for return to pre-pregnancy weight within six months, all maternal outcomes correspond to the end of the follow-up. Symbols: − the analysis could not be performed due to insufficient number of cases; a the overall analysis refers to randomized allocation during pregnancy (intervention (exercise) vs. control group, respectively), whereas sub-group analyses also consider exercise habits in the year before pregnancy; b adjustment variables were maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index category, gestational hypertension during the first trimester of pregnancy, smoking habits during pregnancy, type of occupational activity, educational level, previous parity and miscarriage, and previous episodes of newborn’s low birthweight or preterm delivery, level of physical exercise and the number of new pregnancies during the follow-up, as well as child’s level of physical exercise and the type of feeding for the analyses of child’s post-natal outcomes.