Table 1.
Strain ID, country of origin and fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2 and fumonisin B3 production (μg/g) with standard errors (±SE) by Fusarium verticillioides strains isolated from maize kernels harvested in five Mediterranean countries and analyzed in this study.
| Strain ID | Origin | Fumonisin Production (μg/g) * | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fumonisin B1 | Fumonisin B2 | Fumonisin B3 | Total Fumonisins **,§ | |||||||
| PG 21C | Italy | nd † | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| PG 39B | Italy | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| ITEM 9313 | Italy | 0.03 | (±0.01) | nd | - | nd | - | 0.03 | (±0.01) | a |
| ITEM 9319 | Italy | 0.16 | (±0.08) | 0.03 | (±0.01) | 0.05 | (±0.02) | 0.24 | (±0.11) | ab |
| PG 60A1 | Italy | 0.20 | (±0.02) | 0.04 | (±0.01) | 0.05 | (±0.01) | 0.29 | (±0.02) | b |
| ITEM 9330 | Italy | 0.30 | (±0.08) | 0.05 | (±0.01) | 0.06 | (±0.01) | 0.41 | (±0.09) | ab |
| ITEM 9320 | Italy | 0.63 | (±0.60) | 0.10 | (±0.10) | 0.08 | (±0.07) | 0.81 | (±0.77) | ab |
| ITEM 9300 | Italy | 0.65 | (±0.37) | 0.11 | (±0.06) | 0.11 | (±0.05) | 0.87 | (±0.48) | ab |
| PG 28A | Italy | 1.01 | (±0.40) | 0.22 | (±0.10) | 0.25 | (±0.08) | 1.49 | (±0.58) | ab |
| ITEM 9318 | Italy | 1.03 | (±0.68) | 0.22 | (±0.15) | 0.35 | (±0.24) | 1.59 | (±1.07) | ab |
| PG 22A | Italy | 1.67 | (±1.52) | 0.24 | (±0.23) | 0.25 | (±0.22) | 2.16 | (±1.97) | ab |
| PG 20A | Italy | 2.81 | (±1.50) | 0.66 | (±0.35) | 0.40 | (±0.16) | 3.87 | (±2) | abc |
| ITEM 9310 | Italy | 6.56 | (±3.09) | 2.46 | (±1.19) | 0.68 | (±0.29) | 9.69 | (±4.56) | abcd |
| PG 5A | Italy | 6.99 | (±0.89) | 2.35 | (±0.37) | 0.85 | (±0.06) | 10.19 | (±1.27) | cd |
| ITEM 9309 | Italy | 7.70 | (±3.45) | 2.23 | (±1) | 0.80 | (±0.30) | 10.74 | (±4.74) | abcd |
| PG 76A1 | Italy | 8.78 | (±4.50) | 2.32 | (±1.29) | 1.24 | (±0.60) | 12.34 | (±6.39) | abcde |
| PG 30B | Italy | 10.36 | (±1.25) | 2.95 | (±0.45) | 1.26 | (±0.26) | 14.57 | (±1.92) | d |
| ITEM 9329 | Italy | 10.71 | (±2.32) | 3.04 | (±0.71) | 0.84 | (±0.16) | 14.59 | (±3.16) | cd |
| PG 35A | Italy | 13.30 | (±6.96) | 4.39 | (±2.26) | 1.78 | (±0.80) | 19.47 | (±10) | abcde |
| PG 58A1 | Italy | 19.39 | (±5.28) | 7.51 | (±1.73) | 2.16 | (±0.15) | 29.07 | (±7.05) | abcde |
| ITEM 10027 | Italy | 23.64 | (±1.57) | 7.22 | (±0.44) | 2.49 | (±0.05) | 33.35 | (±1.99) | e |
| PG 36B | Italy | 23.87 | (±0.44) | 5.63 | (±1.56) | 4.23 | (±0.19) | 33.73 | (±1.49) | e |
| 03-2/A | Spain | 0.24 | (±0.17) | nd | - | nd | - | 0.24 | (±0.17) | |
| FVMM 3-2 | Spain | 0.78 | (±0.29) | 0.03 | (±0.03) | 0.01 | (±0.01) | 0.82 | (±0.33) | a |
| C1-2 SEV | Spain | 2.24 | (±1.19) | 0.53 | (±0.42) | 0.01 | - | 2.77 | (±1.61) | ab |
| FVMM 2-1 | Spain | 2.60 | (±1.60) | 0.55 | (±0.46) | 0.24 | (±0.13) | 3.38 | (±2.17) | ab |
| FVMM AD 2-4 | Spain | 6.38 | (±3.28) | 1.61 | (±0.91) | 0.20 | (±0.05) | 8.19 | (±4.19) | ab |
| 03-5/B SEV.1 | Spain | 6.63 | (±1.08) | 1.31 | (±0.31) | 0.31 | (±0.05) | 8.24 | (±1.43) | b |
| 03-5/B SEV | Spain | 7.70 | (±3.57) | 1.81 | (±0.92) | 1.06 | (±0.66) | 10.57 | (±5.01) | ab |
| FVMM 1-1 | Spain | 15.63 | (±4.19) | 4.68 | (±1.25) | 1.77 | (±0.33) | 22.08 | (±5.74) | ab |
| 0-C-1-3 2/2 | Spain | 56.12 | (±5.31) | 10.67 | (±1.35) | 3.04 | (±0.21) | 69.84 | (±6.57) | c |
| M16 | Tunisia | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| M11 | Tunisia | 0.29 | (±0.07) | 0.04 | (±0.02) | nd | - | 0.33 | (±0.09) | a |
| M19 | Tunisia | 0.30 | (±0.07) | 0.03 | (±0.02) | 0.11 | (±0.03) | 0.45 | (±0.11) | a |
| M12 | Tunisia | 0.56 | (±0.23) | 0.12 | (±0.05) | 0.06 | (±0.02) | 0.74 | (±0.30) | ab |
| M15 | Tunisia | 0.47 | (±0.17) | 0.06 | (±0.02) | 0.27 | (±0.08) | 0.80 | (±0.28) | ab |
| M20 | Tunisia | 0.92 | (±0.13) | nd | - | 0.01 | - | 0.93 | (±0.13) | b |
| M17 | Tunisia | 0.91 | (±0.21) | 0.12 | (±0.03) | 0.55 | (±0.12) | 1.58 | (±0.36) | ab |
| M5 | Tunisia | 2.55 | (±1.43) | 0.27 | (±0.26) | nd | - | 2.83 | (±1.69) | ab |
| M2 | Tunisia | 3.21 | (±1.32) | 0.61 | (±0.31) | 0.01 | - | 3.82 | (±1.63) | ab |
| M8 | Tunisia | 3.53 | (±1.80) | 1.01 | (±0.58) | 0.01 | - | 4.55 | (±2.39) | abc |
| M7 | Tunisia | 3.80 | (±3.05) | 0.77 | (±0.75) | 0.40 | (±0.32) | 4.97 | (±4.11) | abc |
| M22 | Tunisia | 6.85 | (±3.59) | 1.15 | (±0.40) | 2.07 | (±0.47) | 10.07 | (±4.45) | abc |
| M21 | Tunisia | 7.10 | (±4.93) | 1.47 | (±1.24) | 1.72 | (±1.09) | 10.29 | (±7.24) | abc |
| M1 | Tunisia | 8.82 | (±1.28) | 2.16 | (±0.35) | 0.68 | (±0.23) | 11.66 | (±1.81) | c |
| M14 | Tunisia | 10.50 | (±0.10) | 1.72 | (±0.12) | 1.07 | (±0.10) | 13.28 | (±0.18) | c |
| M10 | Tunisia | 11.07 | (±1.71) | 2.48 | (±0.55) | 0.04 | (±0.03) | 13.59 | (±2.23) | c |
| F2 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| F6 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| F7 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| F10 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| F12 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| F19 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| F22 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| F23 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| F25 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| F26 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| F27 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| F30 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| F36 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| F38 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| F41 | Egypt | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| F39 | Egypt | 0.22 | (±0.02) | nd | - | nd | - | 0.22 | (±0.02) | a |
| F29 | Egypt | 0.81 | (±0.05) | 0.19 | (±0.04) | 0.12 | (±0.03) | 1.12 | (±0.11) | b |
| F8 | Egypt | 0.96 | (±0.90) | 0.34 | (±0.33) | nd | - | 1.29 | (±1.23) | ab |
| F4 | Egypt | 1.18 | (±0.08) | 0.10 | (±0.02) | 0.08 | - | 1.35 | (±0.11) | b |
| F28 | Egypt | 1.08 | (±0.69) | 0.21 | (±0.13) | 0.09 | (±0.05) | 1.38 | (±0.87) | ab |
| F9 | Egypt | 1.14 | (±0.79) | 0.15 | (±0.13) | 0.32 | (±0.25) | 1.61 | (±1.17) | ab |
| F32 | Egypt | 1.11 | (±0.34) | 0.72 | (±0.27) | 0.38 | (±0.20) | 2.21 | (±0.80) | ab |
| F5 | Egypt | 4.10 | (±2.16) | 0.70 | (±0.40) | 0.05 | (±0.03) | 4.85 | (±2.60) | abc |
| F11 | Egypt | 3.56 | (±1.88) | 0.70 | (±0.44) | 0.58 | (±0.37) | 4.85 | (±2.68) | abc |
| F17 | Egypt | 4.35 | (±3.24) | 2.03 | (±1.57) | nd | - | 6.38 | (±4.81) | abc |
| F13 | Egypt | 6.02 | (±1.45) | 0.88 | (±0.11) | 0.33 | (±0.12) | 7.23 | (±1.67) | abc |
| F15 | Egypt | 6.32 | (±4.25) | 1.29 | (±0.98) | 0.38 | (±0.22) | 7.99 | (±5.45) | abc |
| F3 | Egypt | 7.52 | (±0.08) | 1.95 | (±0.15) | 1.75 | (±0.15) | 11.23 | (±0.32) | c |
| 35 | Iran | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | nd | - | - |
| 4 | Iran | 0.03 | (±0.02) | nd | - | nd | - | 0.03 | (±0.02) | a |
| 25 | Iran | 0.10 | (±0.02) | nd | - | nd | - | 0.10 | (±0.02) | b |
| 2 | Iran | 0.27 | (±0.08) | nd | - | nd | - | 0.27 | (±0.08) | ab |
| 9 | Iran | 0.47 | (±0.37) | nd | - | nd | - | 0.47 | (±0.37) | ab |
| 18 | Iran | 1.21 | (±0.25) | 0.10 | (±0.05) | 0.09 | (±0.04) | 1.40 | (±0.35) | abc |
| 39 | Iran | 1.65 | (±0.45) | 0.19 | (±0.18) | 0.42 | (±0.12) | 2.26 | (±0.73) | abc |
| 56 | Iran | 2.21 | (±1.12) | 0.34 | (±0.18) | 0.30 | (±0.16) | 2.85 | (±1.42) | abc |
| 1 | Iran | 3.94 | (±0.76) | 0.56 | (±0.18) | 0.22 | (±0.07) | 4.72 | (±1) | c |
| 3 | Iran | 4.48 | (±1.22) | 0.76 | (±0.22) | 0.47 | (±0.16) | 5.71 | (±1.59) | abc |
| 22 | Iran | 4.61 | (±1.38) | 1.65 | (±0.53) | nd | - | 6.26 | (±1.91) | abc |
| 16 | Iran | 4.66 | (±1.63) | 1.48 | (±0.58) | 0.40 | (±0.18) | 6.55 | (±2.39) | abc |
| 5 | Iran | 9.92 | (±5.52) | 2.15 | (±1.35) | 1.17 | (±0.71) | 13.25 | (±7.59) | abcd |
| 7 | Iran | 13.65 | (±4.74) | 3.23 | (±1.15) | 1.45 | (±0.50) | 18.33 | (±6.40) | abcd |
| 89 | Iran | 30.81 | (±4.39) | 7.23 | (±1.01) | 1.75 | (±0.28) | 39.79 | (±5.25) | d |
* values represent the average (±SE) of three biological replicates. ** sum of fumonisin B1, fumonisin B2 and fumonisin B3. † nd: not detected (<0.002 μg/g for fumonisin B1 and <0.001 μg/g for fumonisin B2 and fumonisin B3). § within the same country of origin, means followed by different letters are significantly different (p < 0.05).