Figure 4.
Effects of CHAPk on S. agalactiae biofilms and bacteria in biofilms. (a) Inhibition of biofilms formation by CHAPk. (b) Eradication of mature biofilms by CHAPk. (c) Bactericidal activity against the early biofilms of S. agalactiae. (d) Bactericidal activity of CHAPk against the mature biofilms of S. agalactiae. (e) Observation of S. agalactiae biofilms by CLSM. S. agalactiae was incubated with 8 × MIC CHAPk or vancomycin for 24 h; after removing planktonic bacteria, biofilms were stained with dyes and visualized by CLSM. Live cells are stained in green by SYTO9 and dead cells are stained in red by PI, CK: the untreated S. aureus biofilms. Van: vancomycin. All assays were performed in triplicate. The analyses were measured by one-way ANOVA, with Duncan’s multiple comparisons test. A probability value of < 0.05 was considered significant. (*) Indicates the significance between control and treatment groups. ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. The results are given as the mean ± SD (n = 3).