Effect of planktonic and biofilm-associated Salmonella on macrophage nitric oxide (NO) production. JSG4383 used for WT S. Typhi. (A) Planktonic and biofilm aggregate survival determined by CFU enumeration after 2-hour incubation with THP-1 macrophages. Analysis by two-way ANOVA with Sidak correction for multiple comparisons demonstrated no difference in CFU viability between growth states (n = 4, daily enumeration conducted in triplicate). (B,C) NO production by THP-1 macrophages after 2-hour infection with planktonic or biofilm-aggregate Salmonella. Significance for S. Typhimurium experiments was determined by ordinary one-way ANOVA with Dunnett correction for multiple comparisons (**, p < 0.005). S. Typhi significant differences were identified by unpaired t test (*, p < 0.05) (n = 4, daily experiments conducted in duplicate). Error bars indicate SD.