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. 2020 Feb 6;8(2):220. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8020220

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Effect of A. lappa intake in the morning or evening on caecal SCFAs and feces microbiota in mice with HFD. Effect of the A. lappa intake timing, morning or evening, on the intestinal microbiota. (A) SCFA component and lactic acid were measured from caecal contents by GC-FID. (B) Composition of the intestinal microbiota and α-diversity. (C) UniFrac PCoA weighted of intestinal microbiota. All data are represented as mean ± SEM (n = 5 for each group). # p < 0.05, evaluated using the Mann–Whitney test with Dunn’s post-hoc analysis and a two-stage linear step-up procedure of the Benjamini, Krieger, and Yekutieli test for multiple comparisons. & p < 0.05, evaluated using the two-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test. $ p < 0.05, evaluated using the t-test. Morning group took A. lappa during ZT12–ZT15 and was sacrificed at ZT19. Evening group took A. lappa during ZT21–ZT24 and was sacrificed at ZT4.