Table 1.

Biomedical applications of nanocellulose/nanocarbon composites.

Application	Nanocellulose/Nanocarbon Composites Containing:
	Fullerenes	Graphene	CNTs	Nanodiamonds	Others
Radical scavenging	NH2-CNC/C60 [34]; CNC/C60(OH)30 [92]
Photodynamic cancer therapy	TEMPO-oxidized CNC/C60-NH2 [35]
Photothermal, chemo-photothermal therapy		Bacteria: [93]
		Cancer: [94]
Drug delivery		Anticancer drugs (doxorubicin) [72,95,96]	Anticancer and other drugs [16]	Anticancer drugs (doxorubicin) [97]	Carbon quantum dots: Anticancer drugs (temozolomide) [28]
(Bio)sensors		Electrochemical: cholesterol [98]; glucose and bacteria [110]; avian leucosis virus [111]; organic liquids [112]	Electrochemical: ATP metabolites [102]; oxygen [84]	Electrochemical: Biotin [66]	Carbon black: Electrochemical aptasensor for S. aureus [32]; electrochemical sensor for H2O2 [33]
		Piezoelectric: strain, human motion [63,99,113]	Piezoresistance and thermoelectric-based: pressure and temperature [103]; pressure [17]; strain, human motion [90,91,114]; humidity, human breath [104]		Carbon black: Strain, human motion [31,33]
	Optical: oxygen and temperature [115]; oxygen [116]	Optical: SERS: bilirubin [100]; Fluorescence: laccase [71]			Carbon quantum dots: optical sensor for biothiols [26]
		Acoustic: ammonia [101]
Isolation of biomolecules		Histidine-rich proteins, hemoglobin [77]; bovine serum albumin [79]
Electrical stimulation of tissues			Cardiac tissue [52]; neural tissue [106]
Tissue engineering (TE)		General cell biocompatibility [68,69,87]; bone TE [37,59]; neural TE [105]; vascular TE [107]	Neural tissue engineering [51]; TE in general [117]
Wound dressing/healing	Polysaccharides/fullerene C60 derivatives [118]	Human dermal fibroblasts in vitro [108]; mouse model in vivo [109]		L929 fibroblasts in vitro [58,62]; HeLa cells in vitro, wound dressings delivering doxorubicin [97]	Activated carbon: antibacterial wound dressing [30]