Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the participants in the two groups
| Characteristics | Yoga (N = 13) | Control (N = 13) | P Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age-years | 39.8 ± 8.5 | 43.4 ± 9.2 | 0.317 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 21.9 ± 2.2 | 20.9 ± 1.5 | 0.201 |
| Daily steps | 9383 ± 3885 | 9388 ± 3962 | 0.998 |
| 6MWD (m) | 550 ± 64 | 516 ± 80 | 0.209† |
| SpO2 after exercise (%) | 88 ± 9 | 90 ± 8 | 0.507 |
| Borg score after exercise | 0.9 ± 1.3 | 1.1 ± 1.4 | 0.978† |
| VEGF-D, pg/ml | 2957 ± 2915 | 2785 ± 3024 | 0.369† |
| Clinical features — no. (%) | |||
| Sirolimus treatment | 6 (46) | 7 (54) | 1.000¶ |
| History of pneumothorax | 6 (46) | 3 (23) | 0.411¶ |
| History of angiomyolipoma | 1 (8) | 5 (38) | 0.160¶ |
| Tuberous sclerosis complex | 1 (8) | 1 (8) | 1.000¶ |
| History of chylothorax or ascites | 5 (38) | 3 (23) | 0.673¶ |
| St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) | |||
| Symptoms | 16.0 ± 13.1 | 15.0 ± 17.0 | 0.537† |
| Activity | 30.1 ± 14.7 | 33.7 ± 25.4 | 0.483† |
| Impact | 17.5 ± 17.6 | 18.2 ± 18.0 | 0.816† |
| Total | 21.1 ± 13.1 | 22.5 ± 18.3 | 0.837† |
| Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) | |||
| Anxiety | 4.5 ± 8.8 | 2.9 ± 2.1 | 0.624† |
| Depression | 1.6 ± 2.4 | 1.4 ± 1.6 | 0.830† |
| Pulmonary function testing | |||
| FEV1 (ml) | 2009 ± 639 | 2078 ± 845 | 0.816 |
| FEV1%pred | 72.0 ± 21.6 | 77.3 ± 28.0 | 0.594 |
| FVC (ml) | 3196 ± 628 | 3306 ± 481 | 0.621 |
| FVC%pred | 98.5 ± 16.5 | 105.8 ± 12.2 | 0.213 |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | 62.6 ± 14.3 | 62.6 ± 22.1 | 0.995 |
| Incremental CPET | |||
| VO2peak (ml/min/kg) | 15.4 ± 3.3 | 14.4 ± 3.9 | 0.467 |
| AT (ml/min/kg) | 10.1 ± 1.9 | 9.7 ± 2.1 | 0.616 |
| Peak work load (W) | 88.5 ± 24.0 | 82.8 ± 27.5 | 0.574 |
| Breathing Reserve (L/min) | 41.69 ± 21.52 | 45.31 ± 33.32 | 0.511 |
The data are expressed as the means±SD
Abbreviations: AT anaerobic threshold, BMI body mass index, CPET cardiopulmonary exercise test, FEV1 forced expiratory volume in 1 s, FVC forced vital capacity, SpO2 pluse oxygen saturation, VEGF-D vascular endothelial growth factor-D, VO2peak peak oxygen consumption, 6MWD 6-min walking distance
† The P value was calculated with the use of the Wilcoxon rank-sum test
¶ The P value was calculated with the use of Fisher’s exact test